Art History Analysis Paper

This paper is a formal analysis of the Marble weighed down stele with a family group simpleness form. It is a pentelic marble vogue relief standing at 171. 1cm tall carved by a master. It is from the late(a) Classical period of Greek, Attic which was completed around ca. 360 B. C. . I chose to analyze this piece as apposed to the others because Im mainly attracted to cheat and sculptures from the Greek era. The overall trick used in this relief is bone with a few cracks and pieces broken mutilate. There is some discoloration which causes the color to come withdraw as slightly light brown for just about of the relief.The sculpture appears larger comp atomic number 18d to the other sculptures in the art room. It represents a family which includes a firearm, his married woman, and their fry united on one high relief. There is a foursometh character that is a part of the relief but she appears to be incomplete. The high relief contributes to the overall sizing of this sculp ture by expanding the find and proportions of all the characters. The even out perspective of meat is compact consisting of troika of the four characters spot the left over(p) over(p) is loose with just a head present. The very setoff thing that my eyes ar directed to is of the man sitting on a backless ext block up on the center- refine side of the relief.He along with his chair is positioned where his whole system is shifted and he veneer the left side of the relief and feeling straight ahead. His hands argon the only ones that are detailed to the extent that they show the definition of the finger nails and the wrinkles and creases on the fingers and knuckle area. The left hand is placed on his traffic circle while the right hand is slightly wrapped around and holding a tick that is to his right side and is eye-level in front of the woman standing rear him. The stick is about an inch wide and round and olfactory modalitys as though it could possibly be a wooden f grow for support.His bole does slimly look as though he is in shape although I thronet believe any muscle definition partly due to the fact that his cloak is blocking the front of his stomach. There as well counts to be no body rolls and no body fat present. His organize is just a robe draped around his waist, over his lap and masking piece his legs all the way down to his feet. You can see that the waste material of the robe around his waist was intended for his whole body because of the multiple layers draped over his lap. There are no inside information of his toes or feet because of the missing piece of the relief but youre cap able to see just the back of his foot.His inch long hair and fully nervus facialis beard look extremely wavy and curly. The fact that his facial hair is present and thick on his depend makes me strickle that he is possibly in his forties although many men back in that time didnt live that long. He is sitting with ease and his face reckons calm all the while staring blankly ahead. Looking at his face straight on, there seems to be no emotion in his eyes. My eyes are then shifted towards the woman on the right side of the relief. The woman seems to be his married woman and is shown standing extremely culmination to him.Since the chair is backless, I think her standing so close skunk him depicts her symmetry with him. It seems as though she is his support and is there to follow him. She is right up against his back with her right hand up by her chest and his head. The wife and childs attire displays a robe draped over the entire body leaving only her arms exposed although the wife has sleeves draping all the way down behind her forearm. The robe drapes over the wifes head like a shawl or veil covering the back half of her head including her hair and ears.Her facial expression gives off a sense of sadness even though she is staring blankly ahead in the same direction as the husband. Compared to the man, her eyes ar ent as widely open and it seems as if she is slightly squinting freehand me the idea that she may be crying or is holding it in. Overall, you can insure that she has no other emotion displayed on her face anyhow sadness. After examining the wife, I work my way down to the awkward and peculiar facial expression child standing in front of the mother and is facing forward, opposite of the parents.Im not too real whether the child is a male or female but based on the fact that she is basically fully c isthmushed, I would say its a female. I describe the girl as awkward and odd looking because she is extremely tiny compared to her parents. Her mothers hand is the same size as her head, maybe even slightly bigger. She looks like she can be the same size as a toddler but her body looks as though its close to being fully developed, close to like a shrunken lady. The girl is holding something in her left hand which looks like a small piece of paper.She is holding her mothers left hand with her right hand and the mothers hand looks as though she is gently and delicately holding hers. She is standing behind her let but is slightly closer to his left side while her right arm is magnetic dip on the chair. She is wearing a similar robe as her mothers invite out she doesnt have a veil and the sleeves end at her armpits exposing her shoulder and arms. The expression on her face shows no emotion and she is also staring blankly ahead. Because there is no emotion on her face and since she is only a child, I assume she is at that age where shes not aware of whats going on yet.She doesnt seem to comprehend the presence of sadness with along with the adults. The last somebody I look at is a woman on the speed left-hand corner of the relief. Her whole body is basically missing except for her head which remains fully intact. Her hair looks exactly the same as the wifes hair but she doesnt have a veil covering it. Looking at both the woman on the upper left corner and the wi fe on the right, both of their earlobes seem to have a perfect tiny hole in them which leads me to assume that they may have been pierced.The only other body part of hers that appears on the relief is her left shoulder and her left forearm which looks like it is controversy against the mans right arm. Im not sure if her body is purposely missing because part of the relief had broken off over the years but it seems as though it mansionifies her as imperceptible or non-existent. Her eyes are clearly staring at the man sitting down with the sense of sadness and disappointment. She is looking straight at the man but he doesnt seem to acknowledge her and is looking straight ahead along with his wife which also gives me a sympathy to think shes invisible to them.The bottom parts of the marble sculpture which is the base floor that the man is sitting on, and the wife and child are standing on is severely broken and cracked. The only detail on the bottom floor that I can see are three o f the wifes toes wearing a sandal and the childs feet which look like she is wearing slippers because there are no sign of toes. You can also see the back of the mans shoes. I dupet think he is wearing sandals because you can clearly see there is no flesh showing. The artist seems to use a lot of thick lines mainly defined on the clothing where youre able to see multiple folds of the fabric.They all seem to be standing close together as if they are discussing something and because of their sad expressions, they seem to be wail a wipeout or event that just happened. All their lips seem to curve down on the corners of their mouths with no sign of smiling or even a smirk. None of them are smiling and all four characters have either a melancholy blank stare or sad emotion. All of their eyes have creases but no sign of pupil color except for the slight shadows within the eye which helps to tell which direction their eyes are staring.While staring and piecing the whole relief together, I assume that the woman on the left is actually their little girl since this is a family group sculpture. Going back to the through of her being invisible to the other three leads to my guess that she might possibly be dead. This would pardon the overall sadness that is present at the moment. The parents are mourning the death of their daughter while her head present and body missing signifies that she is until now there with them, just not physically.Another little detail that I previously noticed was the daughters left forearm leaning against her paternitys arm. This gives the effect that the daughter is trying to comfort her father while he is grieving. This work shows the natural emotion of humans and they are displayed as realistic. I think that the overall emotion and story behind this relief is done exquisitely by the master who carved it which is wherefore it is said to be one of the most moving funerary reliefs from the Late Classical period.

My Leadership Style Essay

I grapple myself a democratic studyer beca physical exertion I am relationship- and people-oriented. I study that policies and finiss made in a group drawting be high hat for all involved. Democratic leaders emphasize theme manoeuver and are volitioning to share responsibilities. I like to lead through with(predicate) with(predicate) cooperation, not by bossing around early(a)s. This means that I would seek to promote policies through group discussion, and place strong emphasis on team rub down. I regard that an in effect(p) manager not only encourages, but find outs to input of the workers an effective manager not only instructs the worker, but shows how the instruction should be carried off the effective manager eliminates inspectors, and instead teaches the worker the value of doing their own inspection, rearing their own self-worth on the job and their part in making the caller-up works. Effective leading thus enhances job merriment, efficiency and work outp ut signal (Huber, 2006).Leadership TheoryI opine that I would be a acceptable leader because I believe that all effective leaders recognize that their power to action organizational objectives comes from having a motived workforce who shares in the organizations vision. In addition to my ability to establish resolve visions and identifies ways to achieve goals, I am a people-oriented individual who believe that people set at their best when the work that they do enables them to achieve their highest potentials both as human beings and as employees. This means that I do not take an authoritative approach to leading. Rather, I believe in empowering every employee. For these reasons my leadership style is best reflected in the transformational model of leadership. Bydefinition, a transformation leader is a leader who motivates followers to perform to their full potential over time by influencing a variety in perceptions and by providing a sense of direction. Transformational lea ders use charisma, separate tradeation, and intellectual stimulation to produce greater effort, effectiveness and satisfaction in followers (Huber, 2006, p.19).According to Robins and Davidhizar (2007), health care organizations need to constantly pass judgment individual nurse managers to promote transformational leadership qualities because positive transformational changes in treat produce a beneficial trickle-down-effect health care delivery. Huber (2006) indicates that the transformational leadership conceit is vital to the nursing practice because it promotes the development of a culture of worthiness and that organizations with transformation leaders have traits such as pride and satisfaction in the work, enthusiasm, team spirit, a sense of accomplishment, and satisfaction (p.21). McGoldrick, Menschner and Pollock (2001) fix that transformative learning helps nurses to change the way they think about themselves from a skipper standpoint because transformative learni ng aims to refrain the thinking of the individual to self-reflection.Robins and Davidhizar (2007) found, for example, that employees who work with managers who lead in a positive and encouraging manner become much contented and satisfied with positions, which translates into increased patient satisfaction. This is due largely to the quartette main activities in which the transformational leader engage establishing a vision, providing meaning for employees through the building of a social architecture, maintaining organizational trust and placing emphasis on the brilliance of building employee self-esteem (Huber, 2006).Assessing My Decision-Making and Problem-Solving StyleProblem- resolving power/decision-making is a very pregnant aspect of the leadership process. Sullivan and Decker (2005) point out that leaders must be able to use critical thinking skills effectively when making decisions or attempting to solve problems. This means, being able to lay down assumptions, interpre t and evaluate data, look for alternatives, identify information, and break and question implications for each solution. When I am go about with a problem, I have a tendency to make decision based on my intuition and have. For example, if I had a patient who was agitate and my care plan is not meetingthe needs of the patient, I would be tempted to solve the problem by engageing for help from a executive program or a coworker. In some cases, I would also dep wiz on past experiences and try modes that I have used with other patients. On one occasion I had a patient who had a pressure ulcer and complained a lot about lying on her side.However, I could not allow the patient to lay on her fundament because it would make her condition worse. To solve this problem, I tried other methods such as distracting her through the television, talking, use a pillow or construe a story to pull back her to minimize and not focus on the discomfort. In some cases, I also engage in trial and error for some patients for whom the normal care procedure may be substandard in achieving desired results. However, I also used an organized method to solve problems that do not require immediate action. For example, if I am having problems with a co-worker, I would demarcate the problem, identify the source of the problem, and then prefer a keep down of solutions that would best telephone the problem. For each solution, I would also assess the alternatives, the advantages/disadvantages of each solution and their short-term and long-term implications.Assessing My Ability to knack PrioritiesSetting priority is an important facet of everyday life, whether dealing with families, work or play. I believe that I am proficient in setting priorities because I set priorities based on whether the decisions I make will achieve the intended goals. For example, during my college years, I decided that it was crucial for me to work while attending school. While my larger goal is to earn a d egree so that I butt achieve upward mobility, my number one priority is to be efficient on the job and stick to pass my work responsibilities. This means that if my school schedule should impinge with my job responsibilities, I would rather make the necessary change to my school schedule. This is because school is a long-term goal whereas my current employment facilitates that long-term goal by providing me with an income as well as experience that would enhance my future endeavors.Thus, one way that I set priorities is based on the importance of activities, assigns or responsibilities. I also set priorities based on the time-sensitiveness of the labor. Because I set priorities based on the utility of the trade union movement, action or event to my short-term and long-term goals, I tend to rely more on strategy than on emotions when prioritizing. However, Iam able to modify my plans based on extenuating circumstances. Refining a plan, for example, may become necessary when an in front plan does not go as intended. I am thus open to reassessing my plans and making revisions to make them more effective and goal-oriented.Assessing My Delegation SkillsSullivan and Decker (2005) define delegation as a process by which responsibility and office staff for performing a task (function, activity, or decision), is transferred to another individual who accepts that allowance and responsibility (p.144). Delegating a task is an indication to the other person that you are placing your confidence in him or her regarding their competence and trustworthiness to effectively perform the task. When I am about to delegate a task to someone there are a number of questions that I ask myself. These include what is the task to be delegated? What is the complexity or simplicity of the task? How much decision making is involved in completing the task? I possess excellent critical thinking skills and is able to analyze information effectively. For this reason I believe that I am broad(a) at delegating task. I usually consider the individual experience with the specific issue, the individuals background with similar tasks, the persons reliability and on-task behavior as well as the emotional maturity date required for the task.Assessing my communion SkillsTo facilitate team work in the transformational leadership setting, it is important to have an effective communication system that provides complete and close exchange of information that guides decision (Conrad & Poole, 2005). Tate (2005) observes that to be proactive, the leader needs to use clear language when interacting with coworkers and knowing how to listen to others, including staff and patients (Tate, 2005). Tomey (2004) indicates that communication is a process which involves giving and receiving information through verbal exchanges, gestures, writing, and the use of technology. I consider myself to be fairly competent in the area of communication.For example, I have well behaved interper sonal communication skills. I can ask body language, facial expression and can use these modes of communication to get desired results. I am also competent in viva and written communication. I am able to articulate my ideas and have fitted vocabulary to have meaningful exchanges with others. I am also good atmaking others interpret my stance on certain issues. I am also able to use technology such as a computer and a phone to communicate. For example, I can post e-mails, use an online chat room, send a text center.Assessing my Conflict result StyleAccording to Sullivan and Decker (2005), conflict management is a time devour and difficult process. To resolve conflicts, management has to listen to both sides of the issues and identify congenial solutions. Based on this assessment, I believe that I possess good conflict issue skills since I am always willing to listen to others position before reacting. I am also good at negotiating. Sullivan and Decker (2005) indicate that t he purpose of negotiation is to achieve agreement. My desire to avoid showdowns that can be distracting and unproductive, provides with a keen sense of looking for common evidence on which people can find agreement. Also, I emphasize the importance of diversity when dealing with others so that people can understand that having incompatible ideas or ways of thinking does not have to cause conflicts. As a result my key strategy is to use collaboration in which I encourage others to find ways of working together to achieve shared goals.Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses / Plan of ActionTwo areas in which I consider myself to be proficient or competent are decision-making/problem solving and delegation. However, I have deficits in the area of communication and conflict resolution. In the area of communication, I have difficulty in the transmission of the message due to having a strong accent which makes my talk difficult to understand at times. To address this issue, I will see a s peech therapist to assist me with pronunciation and speech rate. This is very important because a leader has to work in a fast-paced multidisciplinary healthcare environs that requires others to quickly understand what he or she has to say. In the area of conflict resolution, I tend to take the flight into fantasy approach, which involves thinking about something else in order to be protected from stress.The consequence of this is that it does not address the needs of the parties. To overcome this problem, I will try to incorporate the confrontation approach. This approach allows the leader to deal with theissue and put it to rest (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). As a democratic leader ,I will effectively seek to bring together the synergy of my subbordinates in order to achieve our specific objectives.It is compulsory that as a leader I strive to approach my leadership style in a comprehensive and transformational manner.My decision making will aplly critical thinking skills in order to solve problem.Priority setting,goal delegations and conflict resolution are pertinent to my leadership style and objective.ReferencesConrad, C. & Poole, M.S. (2005). Strategic Organizational Communication in a Global Community (6th ed.). Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth. Huber, D.L. (2006). Leadership and nursing Care Management (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania Saunders Elsevier. McGoldrick, T.B., Menschner, E.F. & Pollock, M.L. (2001). Nurturing the transformation from staff nurse to leader. holistic nurse Practice (16)1, 16-20. Sullivan, E.J. & Decker, P.J. (2005). Effective Leadership & Management in treat (6th ed.). New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc. Tate, C.W. (2005). Leadership in Nursing. New York Churchill Livingstone. Tomey, A.M. (2004). Guide to Nursing Management and Leadership (7th ed). St. Louis, Missouri Mosby.

American Beauty †Analysis Essay

I had seen the picture American Beauty when it was first released, but it was a different experience for me this time. I was closely examining the interpersonal strife in the movie. The movie is based around the Burnham family. Lester and Carolyn atomic number 18 husband and wife, and they lose a teenage daugther, Janie. On the outside they appear to be a normal family. As the movie plays, it is obvious the characters are all a negative result of interpersonal troth. Conflict is a critical typesetters case in the course of a human family. Conflict can cause resentment, aggression and perhaps the ending of the relatonship(DonnaBellafiore). Carolyn is extremely self-centered and demanding. She controls the family with her underlying anger. Lester is a font of a man. His self-concept is very low and he is depressed. This undoubtedly due to his miss of communication with his wife. Self-concept is the idea you have of who you are and what makes you different from everyone else( Sole,K). In give away of the movie he realizes he has lost something, but he doesnt know what. He has lost his self-esteem due his interpersonal conflict with his wife and daughter.In one scene Carolyn and Lester have arrived at a party Lester doesnt want to attend. Carolyn tells him to act happy, but sadly she neer raritys why he is not happy. In another scene the family is at the dinner table. Carolyn is talking about her day and Lester informs her that he has quit his job. She mocks him for doing so and tries to get Janie into the conversation. Lester becomes extremely angry, and they begin to blame each other for their wishing of communication. Their behaviors not only affect their relationship negatively, but has weakened the relationship they have with Janie. Carolyn handles her conflict by having an affair earlier than communicating her frustrations with her husband, Lester. Lester black-mails his boss, cease his job and demands a years pay and benefits. This is one way that Lester handles his anger. Janie and her relationship with her parents, especially her father, continues to deteriorate. Janie becomes emotionaly involved with the new neighbor and school-mate Ricky. When Janies friend Angela, comes all over to visit, her father always gets excited and flirts with her. This upsets Janie, but Angela likes it.Angela tells Janie Lesters attraction to her makes her realize she has dominance to be a model. Angela shows no empathy for Janies feelings of negativity towards her father. Empathy is the action of understanding, organism aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts and experience of another(merrriam-websterdictionary). As a result of his attraction to Angela, Lester begins working out. He begins to feel recrudesce about himself as a result of getting in shape. thither is a scene in the movie where Lester sits on the sofa coterminous to his wife, Carolyn. He begins softly speaking to her and useing n on-verbal cues reminding her of how much fun she was when they were younger. She begins to smile, and for a atomic number 42 you believe they are going to be kind to each other. instead, Carolyn jumps up and freaks out because Lester almost spilled his beer on the sofa. Lester becomes angry as he tries to condone to her that her material things mean more to her than living.The moment of kindness mingled with them is over-destroyed by Carolyns confusion with her priorities and her need to be in control. It is always about her. As Janie becomes more angry with her father, she befriends her neighbor, Ricky Fitz. Ricky is forth-coming and confident. However, he has been physicaly and verbaly abused by his father. Mr. Fitz is an ex-marine. When he introduces himself to battalion he always says detent Fitz Cornel in the Marine army corps(SamMendes, producer,1999,AmericanBeauty). He has a need for people to see him as a strong man, having been a Marine. This is his great accomplishme nt in life. he has beaten(a) Ricky and verbaly abused him, and sent him away for 2 years as a result of Ricky severely beating a boy, most likely a reaction to his anger towards his father. abrupts wife, Rickys Mom, is emotionless. She has no self-concept due to Franks personality, anger and overpowerment. Their dwelling house is a cold environment. There is no normal communication between the three of them. There is a scene where Frank and Ricky meet the neighbors-JIm and JIm. They are a gay couple who have just moved into the neighborhood . Frank freaks out about the couple. His reaction shows that he is homophobic by his negative comments. Ricky agrees with his father in an effort to keep the situaton stable. Ricky is trying to void a beating. Ricky and Janie are building a relationship and becoming close. Ricky has as well built a relationshio with Lester. He administers Lester Marijuana . Ricky goes to Lesters house to sell him marijuana one particular night. Frank can see Ricky and lester finished the window. Frank thinks what he is seeing is Ricky having oral sex with Lester. He beat generation Ricky when he comes home. Ricky runs to Janie and asks her to run away with him, she agrees.At the end of the movie, Lester is in the garage. Frank approaches him, as he walks through the pouring rain. He has an expression of irritation and fear on his face. Lester approaches Lester (thinking lester is gay) and wraps his arms around him in a hug. Lester tries to be comforting, but then Lester tries to kiss him. Lester pulls back expressing to Frank that there must(prenominal) be some kind of understanding. Lester is not a gay man. Frank walks away with tears in his eyes. Ricky and Janie are up in her room planning their departure, and Carolyn is on her way home. She has been taking stroke lessons and carrys a shooter in her glove compartment. Suddenly a gun shot is heard.Carolyn has justed pulled into the driveway, we wonder was it her who killed Lest er? Jamie and Ricky find Lester shot in the head. Frank Fitz has shot Lester. He would rather have him dead than risk sharing Franks secret with anyone. Frank was a gay man. He spent his entire life covering up this reality, and in the process destroyed his wife and abused his child. After shooting Lester, Frank goes home to his room filled with guns and military memorabilia, and shoots himself. The families in this movie had much(prenominal) poor interpersonal communication that they destroyed each other. It was a schock for me to see such a lack of communication cause such destruction.

Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Essay

India is a vast land known for its diversified horticulture and traditions. The unique characteristic of India is its unity in diversity. In India Relationships and feeling plays a larger role in decisions. Indians tend to take larger happens with a person whose intentions they trust. Thus, ones credibility and trustworthiness ar critical in negotiating a deal. Indians be polychronic plurality, ie they tend to deal with more than one task at the same time. Indians are cautious in experienceing a freshly idea or proposals. The information about who has implemented it or who has proposed it has a major influence on the decision about a naked as a jaybird idea.One of the more or less significant culture influences on Indian culture is that of hierarchy. For example, only the owner or the most superior person of a company will make business decision. Even if you are traffic with a manager, they will always go to the boss for a utmost decision.Hofstedes Research on National culturePower space (77) Power Distance describes how a society deals with the inequalities in baron that exists among passel. Societies characterized by high power distance are relatively in distinguishable to inequalities and the offend between powerful and weak is maximum. By contrast, in societies with broken in power distance the gaps between the powerful and weak are minimal.In India most of the mint be foresighteds to the middle class category. So the upper category people control most of the decision making and buying power. In Organizations, the stage of centralization of authority and autocratic leadership determines power distance. The social social system of shapings in India is based on superior subordinate relationship. Once the hierarchy is establishes, juniors yield to seniors on every conceivable occasion. For example, they standup when the boss enters the office, speak meekly and politely.India has to change a lot in this belongings. Even though they are many politicians caught in scams like 2G scams, still they are not arrested beacuse of on that point power and corruption. I wish India will become a low power distance country very soon.Individualism/Collectivism (48) This dimension is based on the extent to which individuals value personal independence or group membership. Individualist culture values personal goals, independence and privacy. state-controlled culture is showing the truety to groups. Members of the collectivist society are pass judgment to subordinate their individual interests for the benefit of their in- groups ie, family or organization.Hofstede classified India as overriding on the collectivism dimension. In Organizations, people work as a team rather than individual. Employees are seen as hard working, as loyal to the company and highly motivated to do new things.Masculinity/womanhood (56) Masculine cultures tend to value competitiveness, ambitions and accumulation of wealth. Feminine cultures emphasize n urturing roles, mutuality among people and taking care of less fortune people.Indians are more focused on career and earning money as well as they takes care for others. In workplace employees help each others instead of emphasize their work. Hofstede classified India as Masculinity country. However, the culture in organizations is more feminine. That means there is a slight preference for achievements and natural success.Uncertainty Avoidance (40) The extent to which people can tole send risk and uncertainty in their lives.People in India do not accept or deal with ambiguous or risky situations. Recently, with the raise of literacy rate among the people, some section of the people is taking risk by amiable in entrepreneurial activities without thinking about the job security. Gradually people will adapt or encourage new innovations and accept the different approaches in dealing with the situation.Long-term/Short-term orientation (61) It denotes the degree to which people and org anizations defer ecstasy to achieve long-term success. In India people and organization with a long-term orientation culture tend to take the long view to planning and living. With this long-term orientation India has experienced a rummy economic growth while most of the western countries experienced an efficient downfall.Indulgence/Restraint Indulgence denotes the society that allows the free expression of thoughts and allows the gratification of inevitably related to enjoying life and having fun. Restraint denotes the regulation of the gratification of needs by means of strict rules or norms. In India everyone has a serious to express and live freely as they like. In organizations even though employees can express their ideas or thoughts they have to be approved by top level people to bring them in to action.

The CPD Certification Service

2.8.1 AnalysisThis cycle implies that CPD should arise from a learn outline which could be taken care of during the need identification.Analysis is the process of identifying priorities in the way by assessing what has been done effectively and what we went to improve for the coming in our institution with cooperative participation of stakeholders. Similarly we can identify case-by-case needs with assessment of our strengths and weakness prioritizing them in the order high exertion performed in short period of time comes first. When we identify the school need questioner is distributed for stakeholders and gathered the response of questioners.This activity includes self assessment, peer review, yearbook appraisal, and selection of school CPD priorities by the school ground CPD stake holders the principals, CPD facilitators, teachers, incision heads, head teachers and Woreda or zone experts (MoE, 2009 ). Thus, any CPD picture should be based on certain evidence than proposing it based on common moxie or on no ground.2.8.2. PlanningPlanning is part of the school based CPD cycle, which is unquestionable annually by the CPD stakeholders of every educational institution preceded by prioritizing the electric receptacle identified by the compend process. Once the smashment need has been identified, a programme, specifically designed to meet that need, can be prepared (Dejenie Nigussie 2013).The CPD be after can be prepared various(prenominal)ly or institutionally with exposit of events and timings set up in the CPD module (MoE, 2009). Individual CPD plan is substantial annually based on the priorities of the individual teacher and institution. After individual annual CPD action plan is approved by principals it will unbroken in the teachers professional portfolio and used as a guide for the sheath of information and evidence collected during the year (Desalegn, 2010).Each institution should develop an annual CPD plan on the bases of the issues ident ified by the need analysis process.2.8.3 DoingDoing is one part of the stapes of CPD cycle. Once we have already plan what, when and how to be do in the planning process, applying what we have already indite in the plan become the next activity. Effective implementation of the be after activities highly determines the achievement of CPD goal.Some of the Do cycle activities include broadcast meetings, demonstration lessons, planning lessons together, peer observation, observation of lessons and feedback, observation of students in lessons, talking to students, assessment of students work before and after the CPD activity, marking of students work, giving feedback and advice for development, and canvass a teacher action research, professional reading and research, visiting schools and teachers to project examples of good practices, sharing showing good practices within a school, maintaining

Consumer Research and Promotional Message Essay

This paper provide focus on the research and promotional heart and soul of teenaged consumers in todays social market. The current generation of teenagers is referred to as Generation Y or Millennial and is a hulking portion of the consumer market that attracts companies in gaining large profits. In 2001, according to the depicted object Consumers League (2013), teenagers purchased approximately $172 billion dollars.This generation is described as having the interest attitudes and beliefs, they argon tech-savvy prefers media based communication, family centric prioritize family over work, achievement point confident and ambitious, team oriented loyal, committed, involved, inclusive, and attention craving seeks feedback, guidance, and mentoring (Kane, n. d. ). The manner in which Generation Y views their world has a significant impact on the psychology behind their purchasing decisions.In being able to fasten the requires and ineluctably of this generation, marketers will enh ance their profit. Generation Y teenagers form a significant consumer multitude more than ever in todays society. This teen group has become one of the fastest growing markets and they be greatly influenced by their social setting and environment. This generation was born into the pungent and competition edge of technology. Therefore, technological innovations systems keep Generation Y immersed in an insatiable state of want and need for social interaction and communication, information, and stimulus.In todays economy, these teenagers are an easily identifiable market, they are vehement to buy, able to spend, are easily reached (Schiffman, Kanuk & Wisenblit, 2010). From the teenagers perspective represent is a non-issue given that their parents purchase the items they need, there is no arbitrary on purchasing as do their parents. Research and marketing teams make that teenagers more often than not, spend money more on want than what they need.Another factor is that this is th e no child left behind generation which strengthens the need for popularity, inclusion, and acceptance these are defining elements to identifying their consumer needs. Teenagers are impressionable and are subject to positive and negative peer pressure. The need to fit in and be accepted as part of the group reveals how their purchases define these desires. An framework of this would be Nike clothing and footwear. Nike is the winged Greek goddess of victory. The Nike Company is widely associated with athletic achievement and promotes challenging slogans on their apparel such as, Just Do It.Further, Nike reports from their own research that they catch the consumers attention through proceeds quality, color and design and connect with potential consumer through aggressive media electronic messaging and positive public relations imaging and professional sport sponsorship. These combining factors create an ideal product for Generation Y teenagers because Nike appeals to all aspects of their needs and wants. Another example of specific and successful marketing for this age group is through technological devices, such as with apple. According to Buzz merchandisings Tina Wells told Forbes, Teens are telling us apple is done.Apple has done a great job of embracing Gen X and former(a) but I dont think they are connecting with millennian kids. (Matyszczyk , 2013). Further, Wells states that everything moves in cycles and you cant rest on your past glory. Youve got to evolve to maintain relevance. Apple needs to focus on innovation and teens will come back (2013). Another interesting thingumajig on this is that teens may now view Apple products as having become too popular and have therefore suffered the reproof of this same teenaged group of consumers.This is a great example of how promptly the attitudes and beliefs of this population can change and require a sense of proportion in their marketing. From these examples, it seems that Apple, Inc. will be force d to redesign their marketing strategies to successfully compete with Samsung and Android. Conclusion Marketers will have to anticipate the ever changing and rapid trends of the Generation Y pathway. Given that this generation of teenagers is so innovatively advanced, they will continue to spend a vast amount of their time and exertion involved with modern technology and devices whether toreceive information, communicate to peers, to shop online for products, or to download their favorite music. It will remain of utmost importance for marketers to rationality the underlying influences which impact teenagers and as well as their behavioral processes deep down the social context of their culture, their peer groups, and their lifestyles choices. Knowing this will enhance a marketers process and will enable the proper promotional messages that will provide their business with a potentially lucrative biography of profit returns.

Hasty Generalisation

Hasty generalization (Anecdotal) Definition Making assumptions near a whole group or range of cases based on a test that is inadequate (usu eachy because it is atypical or just in addition small). Stereotypes about great deal (librarians atomic number 18 shy and smart, wealthy people are snobs, etc. ) are a common example of the principle underlying hurried generalization. Example My roommate state her school of thought class was hard, and the ace Im in is hard, too. All philosophy classes must be hard both peoples experiences are, in this case, not enough on which to base a conclusion.The individual committing the fallacy is misusing the following type of reasoning, which is dwelln variously as inductive Generalization, Generalization, and Statistical Generalization 1. X% of all notice As are Bs. 2. Therefore X% of all As are Bs. The fallacy is committed when not enough As are observed to warrant the conclusion. If enough As are observed then the reasoning is not fal lacious. Tip Ask yourself what kind of sample youre using Are you relying on the opinions or experiences of just a hardly a(prenominal) people, or your own experience in just a a few(prenominal) situations?If so, consider whether you need more evidence, or perhaps a little sweeping conclusion. (Notice that in the example, the more modest conclusion Some philosophy classes are hard for some students would not be a hasty generalization. ) Here are some more examples of hasty generalisations fallacies. See if you asshole identify the fallacy and write this in the following format A means B. We will then discuss what is wrong with each sensation 1. bank note You know, those feminists all hate men. Joe Really? circuit board Yeah.I was in my philosophy class the other day and that Rachel chick gave a presentation. Joe Which Rachel? Bill You know her. Shes the one that runs that feminist group over at the Womens Center. She give tongue to that men are all sexist pigs. I asked her why she believed this and she said that her survive few boyfriends were real sexist pigs. Joe That doesnt sound like a good reason to believe that all of us are pigs. Bill That was what I said. Joe What did she say? Bill She said that she had seen enough of men to know we are all pigs.She obviously hates all men. Joe So you think all feminists are like her? Bill Sure. They all hate men. 2. Our English teacher made us ready read some poetry last year, and it was really boring. I know now that I will never like poetry 3. Fred the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. 4. I asked cardinal of my friends what they thought of the young taxes and they agreed that they are a good idea. The new taxes are so generally popular. 5. All swans are white. 6.Critical thought is not part of my university application therefore Critical Thinking has no value After the discussion write 2 or 3 examples of ad hominem/tu qouques of your own. India is the country wi th the largest population therefore Indian people love to have sex Han Eol is good at badminton therefore all Koreans are good at badminton The Virginia Tech Massacre was done by a Korean, therefore all Koreans are terrorists James Koay gets good grades therefore all Asians are smart Blondes are dumb therefore Carrie clear-sighted is dumb

Vacant Chapter 1 Alone

I grew up in a beautiful house in a lower-class neighborhood, just my dad and me. My ancient man worked a blue-collar job with shit benefits. I cant kvetch too oft though, because I never went hungry and always had a roof over my head.No, my dad didnt hug me either night or read bed epoch stories by the glow of a nightlight, yet he cater me, clothed me, and didnt knock me around. Thats more than any(prenominal) of my friends had, so I was grateful. I hadnt known then, growing up, that in that respect was anything more in liveliness to want.I was fifteen when my father left just after dinner to corrupt a pack of cigargonttes. He never came home.My dad was spear in a convenience store parking lot after he gave the wrong guy the wrong look. He walked down to invite both(prenominal) smokes and didnt take his wallet, just five bucks for the cheapest pack he could get. He was shot at point-blank range, no cigarettes or money found on his person.He was listed as a John Doe at the morgue. at that place was no burial and no identity when he moved from this support to the following.I was on my own for a week before anyone realise I was alone. I was smart enough to keep my mouth shut, to get up and go to school every day while. I figured I had at least three or four months before a bill collector came knocking, but the nosy bitch across the driveway hadnt seen the old man in a week and was worried.Thats when I began my life in the system. Its non similar on TV when youre an orphan in an after school special, they ship your ass off to a coitus and everyone lives happily ever after. In real life, though, if you dont render family that wants you or family at all, you become a ward of the evince. Sure, they strike foster homes and pretend families that some(a) kids get to live with, but there are a shit-ton of stateless kids and few foster families available. Many foster parents are in it for the money, so they arent exactly the best option, either . Typically, youre stuck in a group home with other kids in the same messed up situation as you and a revolving doorstep of caregivers. However, I had a bed to sleep in, clothes on my back, and I was not a victim of abuse. It wasnt all that different from living with my dad.At eighteen, Childrens Services kicked my ass out. there were lots of kids to take care of and not a lot of money. Luckily, Id gotten a job at a market store as a bag boy at sixteen and began saving. I wasnt stupid or naive enough to think the state was going to take care of me forever. I was fortunate enough to switch graduated from high school before I got the boot some kids had to worry or so finishing school in addition to cosmos homeless. My father told me many times I couldnt depend on anyone but myself, and I never realized how right he was before the day I was truly on my own.With my savings in hand and a promotion to stock-boy, I got my first place. It was the cheapest place I could find in a neig hborhood without bars on the windows. It was small and dirty, but it was mine. There werent gunshots whizzing by my windows or the sounds of screaming every night, so I wasnt about to look a gift horse in the mouth.My life hasnt changed much in the past three years. I get up every morning, walk to the grocery store, clock in, work a ten instant shift, clock out, come home, mind my own business, and do it again the next day.I dont have friends because they create lots of complications and drama. I spend my time at work smiling at the customers and doing my job. Co-workers ask me out from time to time, but the truth is I dont have extra money to have a few beers with the guys or take a girl on a date. Im always careful with my rejection. Theres no sense in nuisance anyones feelings when its not necessary. Plus, it would lead to questions Im not willing to answer.Im sitting alone at my thrift store kitchen table, staring down at a day-old cookie. Its my twenty-first birthday today. I dont have any plans, and there are no cards in my mailbox. Im having dessert for breakfast, a treat to myself, and Im glad for what little I have.Its sad as hell, but I dont have any candles so I light a match and drum it in the middle of the damn cookie. I dont even make a wish before I blow out the tiny irrupt so it doesnt burn down and ruin my treat.No sooner than the flames gone out, theres a knock at my door. I look at my dollar bill store wall clock and see its only nine. I cant estimate who would be at my door this early on a Saturday morning. just about of my neighbors sleep in after a late Friday night.Even though Im twenty-one, I tend to think of myself as more mature than almost people my age, so when I open the door and see a girl, petite and fragile in appearance, I automatically think shes young. She may even be my age, maybe younger, but my experience makes me feel like Im over thirty, so she seems like a girl to me.Shes standing there smiling as if she does nt have a care in the world, patently not knowing people around here dont smile. I mates at her through the ripped screen of my front door as the warmness and humidity of the day filters in.Hey, whats up? Im Emily. I just moved in next door.

Communication and Professional Relationships with Children, Young People and Adults

Effective communication is important in developing positive consanguinitys with pip-squeakren, girlish slew and liberalsEffective communication piddles positive relationships. You give agency to model excellent communication skills with the tykeren and adults you drub with on a occasional basis. You should perpetually think about how you approach people and how you respond back, doing so in a positive manner will service you get much schooling and communication in the long run beca enforce you be beginning to build a positive relationship with that churl/ soulfulness and this benefits them.We moldiness always think about how we cash in ones chips and always tie sure it is for the dandy of the pupil and the school. Always set a comput adapted good suit by behaving the way you would expect your pupil to. If you do non communicate effectively it put forward break down and thats where misunderstandings guide and this bum lead to negative savouring.When you u se effective communication this creates a strong and positive relationship and your pupils will benefit fully from that habituated situation.Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young people and adultsThe main principle of relationship building is to bind new(prenominal)s scent comfortable and at ease, if they argon, they atomic number 18 more likely to communicate effectively. It is very important to be honorific and well-be corroborated and to listen to what they have to declargon. Always respect the views of others, especially if they have distinguishable cultural beliefs or values.Take the time to listen to others, this is non always free when you are so busy but it is extremely important to build a positive relationship, always show that you are interested in what they have to reckon, they may motif to confide in you.Have a good sense of humour, when appropriate this lightens peoples perception of you and can answer people who are feeli ng stressed, laughter is a good way of relaxing.Always be clean-living on the reason you are communicating, giving people mixed messages does non create a good working relationship, a good way of making sure people have received clear breeding is by gather uping them to repeat what is expected of them.Being pressate is a must as you may be working with a child or adult who is under strain due to work or piazza matters. If you are being considerate in that situation this will service of process you understand if they respond out of character and you may be able to help.Explain how contrary social, professional and cultural context of uses may affect relationships and the way people communicateIt is important that you adapt your communication in different situations and always consider the context in which you are working. It is extremely important how we dress and stupefy ourselves to others, if you are going into a formal meeting with managers and parents wearing jeans and trainers for example, this would not give a professional enter of you or the school you work for.It is important if you say to either a child or an adult that you are going to get back to them with an answer, you do so as efficiently as you can, this also applies to how we respond to letters and messages and always make sure you check your spelling and grammar.Try to increase your knowledge of different cultures, as the way they behave or respond maybe different to you for example it is not polite to go to another soul in the centre of attention when give tongue toing to them in some cultures.Explain the skills desireed to communicate with children and young peopleThere are authorized skills needed and these skills must be used everyday in order to communicate effectively and to make the child/adult feel valued.Always make eye contact when a child is speaking to you, if you say you are listening but continue to write or look at something else it shows you are not really inte rested in what they have to say, giving your full attention shows that you are engaged and listening.Bring yourself to the level of the child this is less intimidating than towering over them. Always smile and contradict positively, use positive body language, dont sit at that place with your arms tightly folded or your shoulders tense this can create tension, expect your face when responding to what they have said this shows you are listening.A good way of masking that you are listening is to repeat what they have said and this can handle their communication by seeing you more or you may need to comment on incorrect use of words to help them for close time.Always give a child an opportunity to speak this will help with their confidence and their need to express themselves and encourage them to ask questions, this will help them build conversation skills.Explain how to adapt communication with children and young peopleThe age of the child or young personDifferent ages require different levels of attention. You may need to use more physical contact to reassure very young children whence as the children become older you can help talk through their concerns, you will always listen and react positively choosing correct vocabulary.The context of the communicationDepending on the situation you need to be aware that you may need to change your verbal communication accordingly, always make sure the children are focused and pre-empt any distractions and get ready to deal with them with as weensy interruption as possible or if you are having general pill chat in the playground, use humour to respond to difficult questions much(prenominal) as Where do you live, What is your first name etc..Communication differencesMake yourself aware of the children with communication issues and always be sensitive to them by giving them more time so they do not feel pressured when speaking or signing. Some children can be very anxious so it is important to make them feel com fortable in the setting. It is important if a child has a verbalize or speech impediment you do not speak for them, you cannot come close or assume you know what they wanted to say and this can create anger and stress. Do not be afraid of asking for special training if you are working alongside children who use signing to communicate, for example Makaton.Explain the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young peopleAlways remember that certain things stay the same such as being courteous and respectful and showing that you are interested, however, you must remember that if you are in a school setting and you are dealing with a child or young person you maintain that carer/child relationship and responsibility. You should not notch physical contact with children. Always be clear in what you say and what is expected of them and adapt your vocabulary accordingly.Explain how to adapt communication to meet different communication need s of adults.You must be sensitive when communicating with other adults, try and find out as much as you can beforehand, you may find they have communication difficulties, they maybe hearing damage so always make sure you are facing them and speak clearly so they can lip read or the person may speak another language or very superficial English, make sure you have plans in place if required.Explain how to manage disagreements with children, young people and adultsA lot of the time disagreements are due to a wish of communication in the first instance and the best thing to do is to sort things out very carefully so the bad feelings do not persist. You must always respond with a positive locating and polite manner and be sensitive to the other persons feelings, if you feel the disagreement is spiralling out of control you may need to rallying cry in a mediator this being another member of mental faculty who can maybe help sort things out, but hopefully if you are using the correct communication this should not be required unless you were someways in a disagreement with a child, always seek advice from your word of mouth manager if this is the case.The best way to resolve disagreements is to find the cause and consequently decide on a course of action together. Offer encouragement and support.Summarise the main points of legislation and procedures covering surreptitiousity, data tax shelter and the disclosure of studyData protection act 1998 To provide a safe environment for our children we as a school are able to obtain certain information which is relevant such as, health and medical information, records from previous schools, records for children who have special educational needs. All this information is confidential. Parental consent would be required if this information was requested by another source.Every child matters (England 2003) stresses the importance of sharing information between professionals, communication between us, is the key to h elp prevent tragic cases.You should not pass on information about the school or the children without being 110% certain you can, do not feel pressured to do so, always seek advice from your line manager if you are unsure.Explain the importance of tranquillize children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of thisIt is extremely important that you communicate and explain fully your reasons for requiring the confidential information, you would make sure that you followed correct procedures and ask for consent if required, you also need to promote a professional image so people trust you to deal with the confidential information with the completion respect that is needed. By doing this the children, young people and adults feel reassured their confidential information is handled appropriately and used effectively.Justify the kinds of situation when confidentiality protocols must be breached.If a child, young person or adult confides in y ou and you suspect child abuse or they are at risk or risk of exposure of someone or something never promise to keep it a abstruse you would have to tell the child, young person or adult that you are unable to keep it confidential for this reason and then you must tell and seek advice from your safeguarding point of contact.

Poetry and Writers Different Ways

Casehistory Alison (head injury) Learning Objectives AO1 Respond to texts critically and imaginatively, select and evaluate textual detail to illustrate and support interpretations. AO2 Explain how language, structure and form kick down to keep openrs founderation of ideas, themes and settings. ( Pre-reading activity Here is a riddle for you Who do you hypothesize would be my hubbys wife? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ What about my mothers only daughter? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ The title of the meter is Casehistory Alison (head injury). What do you think this meter is red to be about? ( Make a note of your ideas. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ __________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ wherefore might you talk about yourself in the trey person? What is the consequence? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ( Take 2 minutes to discuss the performance with your partner.Swap and develop your ideas. turn tail back your ideas to the rest of the class. First impressions ( Read the poem. ______________________ ________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ______________ ____________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ ________________________ _____________________ What do you think has happened to Alison? The inception decipher above has a play-like feel.Imagine how this scene might look on stage. ( In the cuff below, sketch out the scene you imagine. In the notes box below, summarise your vision of the action. How might you describe the attitude of the speaker of the poem? ( Choose the word or phrase that gives you this impression and hold open it in the box below. The first-year one has been done for you. Alison seems Wistful ____________ ____________ What does the younger Alison prevail that the Alison of the present does not? ( Fill in the table below. Alison of the past Alison of the present Autocratic knee / Like a Degas terpsichoreans Knees that now lug her upstairs / Hardly Lets resume a closer look ( Answer the following questions by providing quotes and psychoanalysis. moot PEA point, example, analysis. 1. The poem is arranged in even, regular three line stanzas. What is the exit on the reader? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Where does this regular pattern come to an END, and what is the effect of this? ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ________ 3. There are dickens lines in the poem that begin with a single word followed by a full stop. What are they, and what is the effect on the reader? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Poetry detective Spot the following lingual and structural devices at work in the poem. What is their PURPOSE and EFFECT? techniques examples and analysis of their effect Parenthesis (She looks at her photograph) ( ) Ambiguity (the puzzle / riddle of the first stanza) Mid-line full stops Repetition Powerful adjectives enjambment accustom of the third person Get creative AO2 Explain how language, structure and form lend to writers prese ntation of ideas, themes and settings. ( Using Casehistory Alison (head injury) as a guide, you are going to write a poem of your own, using pictures of historical figures as inspiration. You are going to bring the long-dead subject of the painting to life in the form of a dramatic monologue ( Take an online stroll through the 30 must-see paintings suspension in The National Gallery www. nationalgallery. org. uk/paintings/explore-the-paintings/30-highlight-paintings/ ( Which character did you choose? _____________________________ Writers toolbox ( With your choice of speaker in mind, tick the techniques you think would be useful in creating an accurate voice for your poem. Think about the think effect of your selected techniques. If necessary, you can add additional techniques at the bottom. Poetic techniques Use Intended effect Rhyme Non-standard English Mid-line full stops Enjambment Assonance Repetition Alliteration Metaphors Similes Onomatopoei a Get writing _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________ ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ My Itchy Toes expression Loads ( Complete the table below with wh at you consider to be the to the highest degree important quotes and poetic devices within all(prenominal) category. meaning imagery stair Structure and Form language Comparing poems AO3 Make comparisons and explain associate between texts, evaluating writers different shipway of expressing meaning and achieving effects Use the Venn draw to find the differences and similarities between the two poems. Sample exam question and medusa. Comparing poems AO3 Make comparisons and explain links between texts, evaluating writers different ways of expressing meaning and achieving effects ( Use the Venn diagram to find the differences and similarities between the two poems. Sample exam question Planning an essay ( Using MITSL as a guide, create an essay plan or spider diagram for your essay question. You must include 3 5 points of comparison. Number each point in the order you would write about them in your exam. When you write your essay, remember to analyse structural and poetic devices for their effect and meaning. Dont just list. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Casehistory Alison (head injury) (She looks at her photograph) I would like to have known My husbands wife, my mothers only daughter. A bright girl she was. Enmeshed in comforting 5 Fat, I wonder at her delicate angles. Her autocratic knee Like a Deg as dancers Adjusts to the observer with airy poise, That now lugs me upstairs 10 Hardly. Her face, scattered By nothing sharper than smiles, holds in its smiles What I

Graphene Replaced with Copper

Graphene replaced with papal bull Graphene nanoribbons lease a stream-carrying capacity two orders of order of magnitude higher than blur brand-new-fashioned inquiry into the properties of graphene nanoribbons provides two new reasons for using the actual for joins in in store(predicate) computer chips. In widths as narrow as 16 nm, graphene has a legitimate-carrying capacity approximately a thousand quantify great than copper while providing improved thermic conductivity. The current-carrying and affectionateness-transfer measurements were inform by a squad up of researchers from the tabun Institute of Technology (Atlanta, GA).The same team up had previously reported measurements of resistivity in graphene that suggest the materials conductance would outperform that of copper in future generations of nano round-scale interconnects. The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity two orders of magnitude higher than copper at these size scales, gibe to Rag hunath Murali, a precedential research engineer at Georgia Tech. drawframe still of thin layers of graphite, graphene has been studied by the Georgia Tech team as a probable replacement for copper in on-chip interconnects fits.The graphene nanoribbons have a current-carrying capacity of much than 108 A/cm2, which makes them very robust in resisting electromigration and should greatly improve chip reliability. This electromigration phenomenon causes transport of material, especially at high-current density and leads to a break in the wire and, consequently, chip failure. The research team similarly discovered that the graphene nanoribbons overly have excellent thermal conductivity properties and put up conduct cacoethes away from devices.They ensnare that graphene nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of more(prenominal) than 1,000 W/m Kelvin for structures less than 20 nm wide. This will help the interconnects serve as affectionateness spreaders in future generations of integrated circuits, according to Murali. They employ electron beam lithography to constrain four electrode contacts, then utilise lithography to fabricate devices consisting of parallel nanoribbons of widths ranging between 16 and 52 nm and lengths of between 0. 2 and 1 m.The breakdown current density of the nanoribbons was then studied by slowly applying an increasing marrow of current to the electrodes on either side of the parallel nanoribbons. A repose in current flow indicated the breakdown of one or more of the nanoribbons. In the study of 21 test devices, the researchers found that the breakdown current density of graphene nanoribbons has a reciprocal relationship to the resistivity. Because graphene batch be simulate using conventional chip-making processes, manufacturers could make the transition from copper to graphene without a drastic change in chip fabrication.The data they developed so faraway look very promising for using this material as the foundation fo r future on-chip interconnects. Visit www. youtube. com/watch? v=kd6zzwhfEqw to view a telecasting explaining graphenes thermal-conductivity capabilities. Though one of graphenes key properties is reported to be ballistic transportmeaning electrons washstand flow through it without rampartthe materials actual conductance is limited by factors that include sparge from impurities, line-edge roughness and from substrate phononsvibrations in the substrate lattice.Use of graphene interconnects could help hasten continuing increases in integrated circuit performance once features sizes cast out to approximately 20 nano molar concentrations, which could happen in the next flipper years, researchers said. At that scale, the increased resistance of copper interconnects could offset performance increases, meaning that without other improvements, higher density wouldnt produce faster integrated circuits. This is not a roadblock to achieving scaling from one generation to the next, but it is a roadblock to achieving increased performance.Dimensional scaling could continue, but because we would be liberal up so much in terms of resistivity, we wouldnt score a performance advantage from that. Thats the problem we hope to compute by switching to a different materials system for interconnects Survey in graphene replaced with copper PORTLAND, Ore. Graphene will carry nearly 1,000-times more current and take over 10-times cooler than conventional copper interconnects below 22-nanometer line widths, according to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech).The speed (electron mobility) of graphene has already been touted as better than copper, but this Georgia Tech data on nanoribbons as small as 16-nanometers quantifies just how A-one atomic number 6 is to copper. The graphene nanoribbons tested at Georgia Tech could carry as much as 10 billion amps per squargon centimeternearly a thousand times greater than copper. No one had measured graphen es current carrying capacity sooner this, said Raghunath Murali, a senior research engineer in Georgia Techs Nanotechnology seek Center. One possible reason that this property of graphene was not touted out front is that there were no experimental settlements until our work. The superior current carrying capability of carbon copy formed into graphene nanoribbons is also combined with less heat build-up, since carbons thermal conductivity is much higher than copper. Nanoribbons have a thermal conductivity of 1,000-to-5000 watts per meter Kelvinten times greater than copper. The Georgia Tech researchers also claim that graphene nanoribbons will mitigate electro-migration which is an increasing problem for copper as line widths descend to the nanoscale. If the current carried through a wire is oddment to the current-carrying capacity of the wire, then the chances of electromigration atomic number 18 greater than if the current in the wire is much smaller than the current-carryi ng capacity, said Murali. Graphene has over two orders of magnitude greater capacity than copper, thus if a graphene wire is comp bed to a copper wire carrying the same current, then the graphene wire will better resist electromigration. Muralis team obtained their graphene samples by removing layers from a graphite block and depositing them on a ti-on-insulator (SOI) wafer.E-beam lithograhy was used to construct the metal contacts and cut the parallel lines of graphene into lines 16-to-52 nanometers wide and 200-to-1000 nanometers long. There are terce hurdles re main(prenominal)ing to commercialization of carbon interrconnects, according to the researchers at Georgia Tech perfecting methods of growing monolayers of graphene over entire wafers (since today just small centimeter-sized areas can be easiliy grown in monolayers), fabricating vias to interrconnect graphene nanowires, and integration of carbon into the back-end of process on a CMOS line.Murali performed the work with fellow researchers Yinxiao Yang, Kevin Brenner, Thomas Beck and crowd Meindl. This research was funded by the Semiconductor inquiry Corporation, the Defense move Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the interconnect Focus Center, the Nanoelectronics Research Initiative and the Institute for Nanoelectronics denudation and Exploration (INDEX). Replacing silicon drawframe Silicon transisitors are approaching the point where further miniturization will no longer be possible. It is expected that once silicon transistors reach 16nm size, optical lithography will no longer be capable of making smaller images.Thus, unless all preogress in transistor size is terminated and performance improvements are limited to mainframe computer architecture alone, it is very likely that chip manufacturers will move to graphene as a way to get smaller transisitors. One example is that graphene transistors are very leaky compared to those made of silicon- that is, more charge can dodge from them. This means that graphene chips are likely to run much hotter than silicon chips. Graphene has several(prenominal) very appealing traits. Electrons butt against much less resistance from graphene than they do from silicon, traveling through it more than 100 times as easily.And because graphene is fundamentally a two-dimensional material, building smaller devices with it and controlling the flow of electric automobileity within them are easier than with three-dimensional alternatives like silicon transistors. The finding underscores graphenes potential for serving as an excellent electronic material, such as silicon, that can be used to develop new kinds of transistors based on quantum physics. Because they witness no obstacles, the electrons in graphene roam freely across the sheet of carbon, conducting electric charge with extremely low resistance.The research team, led by Chun Ning (Jeanie) Lau, found that the electrons in graphene are reflected back by the only obstacle they meet g raphenes boundaries. These electrons meet no other obstacles and behave like quantum billiard balls. They display properties that resemble both particles and waves. when the electrons are reflected from one of the boundaries of graphene, the original and reflected components of the electron can interfere with each other, the way outgoing ripples in a syndicate might interfere with ripples reflected back from the banks. he electronic interference by measuring graphenes electrical conductivity at extremely low (0. 26 Kelvin) temperatures. She explained that at such low temperatures the quantum properties of electrons can be studied more easily. The electrons in graphene can display wave-like properties, which could lead to interesting applications such as ballistic transistors, which is a new type of transistor, as well as resonant cavities for electrons, that a resonant cavity is a chamber, like a kitchen microwave, in which waves can bounce back and forth. Scientifically, it has b ecome a new odel system for condensed-matter physics, the branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of solid materials. Graphene enables table-top experimental tests of a number of phenomena in physics involving quantum mechanics and relativity. Bearing excellent material properties, such as high current-carrying capacity and thermal conductivity, graphene ideally is fit for creating components for semiconductor circuits and computers comparing with silicon. Its planar geometry allows the fabrication of electronic devices and the tailoring of a variety of electrical properties.Because it is only one-atom thick, it can potentially be used to make ultra-small devices and further miniaturize electronics. Image shows graphene, which can act as an atomic-scale billiard table, with electric charges acting as billiard balls. (Credit Lau lab, UC-Riverside) Silicon has been the main ingredient in microchips since they replaced vacuum tubes in electronics. But the common div isor graphene, found in pencils, may one day supplant silicon on the billion-dollar foundries of IBM, Intel and AMD.Graphene shares the characteristics that make silicon so ubiquitous, not just in computers and cell phones, but in such applications as medical and airmanship sensors, ultrahigh-frequency analog electronics for preparing signals for fiber-optic transmission or for radars. Graphene can do what silicon can, only better. Graphene has extraordinary electron-transport properties its monolayer thickness yields exquisite sensitivity to changes in environment, and its mechanistic and thermal properties equal or go by those of the best conventional materials.The superior properties of graphene and graphene-related materials present an extraordinary opportunity for enabling new classes of electronic, optoelectronic and electromechanical devices and sensors The origin commercial use for graphene may be as an electrical coat for LCD screens, solar cells, and touch screens. Thi n, transparent, extremely conductive, and strong, it seems ideal for the job. ONE OF THE diligence Graphene Quilts to Keep Things Cool December 21, 2009 drawframe Graphene University of California, Riverside (UCR) prof of ElectricalEngineering and Chair of Materials Science and Engineering Alexander Balandin is star(p) several projects to explore ways to use the unique capabilities of graphene quilts as heat conductors in high-power electronics. Graphene is a recently discovered single-atom-thick carbon crystal, which reveals umpteen unique properties. In Balandins designs, graphene quilts (large-area overlapping networks of graphene flakes) will play rather an opposite role of your grandmas quilts. They will remove heat instead of retaining it.His work on graphene heat-conducting coats for heat removal from high-power gallium-nitride transistors is groundwork funded by a recently awarded $420,000 grant from U. S. Office of Naval Research (ONR). It aims at an experimental proo f-of-concept demonstration to be conducted in Balandins Nano-Device lab (NDL). In addition to the ONR grant, Balandin received a new three-year subcontract with the Interconnect Focus Center (IFC), based at the Georgia Institute of Technology, that deals with graphene interconnects and heat spreaders for three-dimensional (3-D) electronics.According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, in the next five years, up to 80 percent of microprocessor power will be consumed by the interconnect wiringa driver for the search for new interconnect materials and innovative methods of heat removal. Another recent subcontract awarded to Balandin is with the Functional Engineered Nano plate tectonic theory (FENA) center based at UCLA. In this center, he investigates the problems of energy waste material in graphene nanostructures and nanodevices. Combined new funding secured by Balandin this month for the three projects exceeds $1 million.The centers funding comes from the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). Because graphene is only one molecule thick, it didnt lend itself to traditional methods of thermal conductivity measurement. Balandin led a team of researchers that first measured it using an original non-conventional technique in 2008. The part involved a non-contact approach on the basis of Raman spectroscopy utilizing the nonresilient scattering of photons (light) by phonons (crystal vibrations).The power dissipated in graphene and corresponding temperature jumpstart were detected by extremely small shifts in the wavelength of the light dislocated from graphene. That was sufficient to extract the values of the thermal conductivity through an lush mathematical procedure. Balandins research group discovered that the thermal conductivity of large suspended graphene sheets varies in the range from about 3000 to 5300 W/mK (watts per meter per degree Kelvin) near room temperature. Thes e are very high values, which exceed those of carbon nanotubes (3,000-3,500 W/mK) and diamond (1,000-2,200 W/mK).As a result of his findings, Balandin has proposed several innovative graphene-based approaches for thermal management , which might lead to creation of a new technology for local cooling and hot-spot spreading in the high-power-density and ultra-fast chips. A detailed description of Balandins graphene and thermal management research can be found in his invited popular science article, chilliness Out, in the October 2009 issue of IEEE Spectrum, the magazine of the The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).

The International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group

The International M singletary Fund (IMF) and the ground Bank radical are two spheric substructures created to assist nations in becoming and stay economically viable. Each plays an imporant role in the environment of international patronage by helping maintain stability in the pecuniary food markets and by assisting countries that are seeking economic development and restructuring. Inadequate monetary reserves and unstable currencies are particularly vexing problems in global passel.So gigantic as these conditions exist, founding markets ignorenot develop and function as effectively as they should. To overcome these particular market barriers that plagued international trading before dry land War II, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was formed. Originally 29 countries gestural the add togetherment now 184 countries are members. Among the objectives of the IMF are the stabilization of foreign metamorphose rates and the establishment of freely convertible currencies to facilitate the expansion and match growth of international transaction.Member countries endure voluntarily joined to consult with one an saucy(prenominal) to maintain a stable system of buying and selling their currencies so that payments in oreign money can take place amidst countries smoothly and with bring out delay. The IMF also lends money to members having trouble meeting fiscal obligations to other members. Argentina, Turkey, and Greece father recently accepted such help from the IMF, but the allows bemuse been mixed. To cope with universally floating exchange rates, the IMF developed special drafting rights (SDRs), one of its more useful inventions. Because both cash and the U. S.dollar reach lost their utility as the basic medium of financial exchange, more or less(prenominal) monetary statistics relate to SDRs rather than dollars.The SDR is in effect paper gold and represents an average base of value derived from the value of a group of study currencies. Rather than being denominated in the currency of any given country, trade contracts are frequently written in SDRs because they are much less susceptible to exchange-rate fluctuations. The special drawing right (SDR) is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the existing official reserves of member countries.Countries can exchange SDRs for hard currency at the IMF. The SDR also serves as the social unit of account of the IMF and some other international organisations. Its value is based on a basket of key international currencies. The SDR is in some shipway like a currency, but is currently utilise only at the IMF. The value of the SDR is based on the exchange rates of the US dollar, the euro, the suffer and the pound sterling. The basket composition is reviewed every five years to ensure that it reflects the relative importance of currencies in the globes trading and financial systems.Although the International Monetary Fund has some severe c ritics,43 most agree that it has performed a valuable service and at least partially achieved many an(prenominal) of its objectives. To be sure, the IMF proved its value in the financial crisis among some Asian countries in 1997. The impact of the crisis was lessened substantially as a result of actions taken by the IMF. During the financial crisis, the IMF provided loans to several countries including Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. Had these countries not received aid ($60 billion to Korea alone), the economic reverberations might have take to a global recession.As it was, all the major equity markets reflected substantial reductions in market prices, and the rate of economic growth in some countries was slowed. sometimes confused with the IMF, the World Bank conclave is a separate institution that has as its goal the reduction of poverty and the improvement of living standards by promoting sustainable growth and investiture in people. The bank provides loans, technical assistance, and insurance guidance to growth country members to achieve its objectives.The World Bank Group has five institutions, each of which performs the following services (1)Lending money to the governments of developing countries to pay development projects in education, health, and infrastructure (2)Providing assistance to governments for developmental projects to the poorest developing countries (per capita incomes of $925 or less) (3) Lending directly to the nonpublic sector to help strengthen the private sector in developing countries with long-term loans, equity investments, and other financial assistance.Providing investors with investment guarantees against non-commercial risk, such as expropriation and war, to create an environment in developing countries that will attract foreign investment (5)Promoting increased flows of international investment by providing facilities for the conciliation and arbitration of disputes between governments and foreign investors. It also provides advice, carries out research, and produces publications in the area of foreign investment law.Since their inception, these institutions have played a pivotal role in the economic development of countries throughoutthe world and thus contributed to the expansion of international trade since World War II. Protests against worldwide Institutions Beginning in 1999, what some are calling anti-capitalist protesters began to influence the works of the major global institutions described previously. The basic complaint against the WTO, IMF, and others is the amalgam of unintentional consequences of globalization environmental concerns, worker exploitation and domestic job losses, pagan extinction, higher oil prices, and diminished sovereignty of nations.The anti-globalization protests first caught the attention of the world press during a WTO meeting in Seattle in November 1999. Then came the World Bank and IMF meetings in April in Washington, DC, the World Economic Forum in Melbourne, Australia, in family line, and IMF/World Bank meetings in Prague, also in September 2000. Some 10,000 protesters faced some 11,000 police in Prague. And the protests45 and violence have continued at other meetings of world leaders regarding economic issues, such as the G20 meetings in London in 2009,46 and in individual countries touch by the IMF.Tragically, the terrorism in London was most likely time to coincide with the G8 meetings in Scotland in 2005. Regardless of the theoretical approach used in defense of international trade, the benefits from an absolute or comparative favor clearly can accrue to any nation. Heightened competitors from around the world have created increased pressure for protectionism from every region of the globe at a time when open markets are needed if world resources are to be developed and utilized in the most beneficial manner.And though market protection may be needed in light of certain(p) circumstances and may be beneficial to nat ional defence or the encouragement of infant industries in developing nations, the consumer seldom benefits from such protection. submit international markets help underdeveloped countries become self-sufficient, and because open markets provide new customers, most industrialized nations have, since World War II, cooperated in working toward freer trade.Such trade will always be partially threatened by diverse governmental and market barriers that exist or are created for the protection of local anaesthetic linees. However, the trend has been toward freer trade. The changing economic and political realities are producing unique business structures that continue to protect certain major industries. The future of open global markets lies with the controlled and equitable reduction of trade barriers.

Why is authenticity important in the pro-anorexia community?

pilferThe main argument that is advocated in this paper is reasoning(prenominal)ity vs. irrationality that maladaptive behavior can be justified, sought after and conditi aced by a process of groupthink and internal shifts of mightfulness. As a result, genuineness plays a vital part in this behavior as the group solelyow urge parts to be true to their own beliefs and practices in order to save the individuals search for a sense of concrete naive realism in a seemingly irrational world.IntroductionThis try relates to the spoken communication Beauty, Eating and Feminine Media which focuses on the embodiment of womanhood and its representation in the media. This is done by world-wide concentration on beauty and take in practices that be ex constringeed in media, and also ex supererogatorys some of the disorders that can appear as a result of these practices. It is argued that hegemonic femininity is non singular thus creating septuple femininities. With this in mind, t he paper depart explore the extent that femininities argon a product of patriarchy a process of intergroup promissory note in and of themselves, or a combination of both. The medias representation of disorders and problems associated with feminine beauty and eating habits can act as a establish of female othering and distinction from its counter gender. Consequently, just how much these categories offer valuable sites of resistance is examined. Moreoer, this search is related to the torso, Media and night club model, in order to examine the clay in society with a focus on the role of media in representing, stereotyping and medicalising the mortalate in society. It examines how loving structure and the body are inherently connected, how they interact and how that interaction impacts on both the body and society as a whole. The module draws on the disciplinary approaches of Sociology and Media andCommunications specific tout ensembley the sub-disciplines of the Sociology of the organic structure and medical Sociology.This essay focuses on pro-anorexia communities, and the reasons why legitimacy is most-valuable in much(prenominal) a community . These reasons give be died into respective paragraphs as suchCharacteristics of Anorexia NervosaExcessive weight bolshy Food relieverraint tutelage of gaining weight Obsessive vis-a-vis body image 10 multiplication more than likely in women Affects young women & teenagers especially A phantasmal heritage? Moral meanings Thin as sacred / fat as profane (Boero and Pascoe, 2012) nary(prenominal)ions of association redbrickity and community Stable, structured and physical (along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) Post newity and community Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern mixer structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity). Is this a community at all?Pro-Anorexia Communities2001 Time magazine -Anorexia Goes High-Tech Identifies pro-ana websi tes Sites contain tips for weight loss, how to hide disorders from parents, lack diets 2008 youthfulsweek Out of the Shadow Pro-anorexia communities emerge Now interactive (Web 2.0) Appear on face throw, myspace, etc. (Boero and Pascoe, 2012 28) Media articles and commentary is critical of pro-ana communities, thus the relation to capital is negativePro-Anorexia CommunitiesNon-recovery center Weight-loss information Support (reinforcing anorexia rather than curing it) Non-judgmental towards the disorder (Boero and Pascoe, 2012 29) A passing contentious point Challenges the image of isolated anorexics and offers a view of anorexia build on interaction and, indeed, community (ibid) Women log in to share their struggles, goals, triumphs, and failures in living a pro-ana lifestyle (ibid)Where do Boero and Pascoe Direct their Critique?At traditional treatment most traditional forms of treatment do not emphasize developing a feminist identity or mix in feminist critiques of feminin e ideals that emphasize thinness and body perfection (ibid) At society at large constructions of femininity and the thin ideal fundamentally constitute the disorders themselves (ibid)Considering that pro-ana communities harbor modern and post-modern characteristics, it will thence be inhering that the research undertaken for this paper covers a longitudinal frame of the history of the body and specifically addresses the condition and the social representation of the female body in any given generation.To begin with, the paper explores the genesis of hegemonic femininity, dating stern to the 1800s when women were seen as others who were judged solely on their port, who were exiled for having any of the same attributes as a man. This social construct gave give birth to the instantly widespread opening of the female psychological disorder, after such movements as the witch-hunt, or the possession of the early modern witch (who were of course, younger women). Due to the nature of this construct, the social consequences saw a paradox emerging rationality vs. irrationality. young women were conflicted within themselves, and began processing the irrational fixations the world around them had constructed with wholly rational elements of the self. Pro-ana communities therefore could label justified blame on this ideology, as the process of othering had begun.This othering soon led to a feeling a hegemonic femininity that wasnt constructed by a universal form, but by the females themselves. Because women had already been distinguished and separated from their male counterparts, they began to slowly justify their appearance to a point of obsession in order to regain control over themselves and indeed, the communities around them. Authenticity therefore plays a key feature of this construct, as it implies loyalty to the cause, righteousness of women all over the world and reinforces the distinction in the midst of man and woman in favor of the womans wants, and not the mans.The Rationality vs. Irrationality argument also serves to explain the freewill vs. Involuntary argument. Involuntary actions such as weight loss are vindicated and sought after by pro-ana communities as the groups rationale is solidified as a result of the action. An element of craze defines this general attitude in Freudian terms, this means the wide miscellany of repressed and unconscious problems such as a sexual repression and aged abuse. Whether this idea is still relevant or not today will be discussed in this essay, and also subsequently whether pro-ana communities can be judged as communities at all given their ideological state rather than their bodily one. It could be said that pro-ana communities only really exist in members minds media plans such as the internet and gloss magazines give members the luck for collectivism, acting as mechanisms with which to forward their thoughts. (More on this later)To further the history of pro-ana communities, the e ssay will also look at where self-starvation originated from, and how it preserved itself through the ages. Whether it be for spiritual practice or a political act, the process stiff the same, and it is the authenticity of the act that gives it its weight. The essay will analyze why self-starvation implies power over the intended target (the opposite gender, governments, even God). Michel Foucaults opening of power and sack outledge will underline this deliberation, as will his book Madness and Civilization A History of Insanity in the epoch of Reason. In this book, Foucault defines the evolution of madness through the Renaissance, the Classical maturate and the Modern Age, suggesting that in the first phase (the Renaissance) mad people were represented in art as possessing wisdom and knowledge of the limits of our reasoned world. This gives reason for the birth of pro-ana communities. By othering themselves from the rest of society, perhaps they feel that they harbor more powe r and knowledge over sociological conformities.Foucault also argues that the conceptual distinction among mad and sane people was the forefront to what he has dubbed The Great working class which saw mad people being locked a office in institutions and exiled from the rest of society. They were separated completely. But here we see pro-ana communities existing in plain sight, in media representation and even the wilful acts of its advocates. They wish to be separate but in a way that renders them safe from total banishment, in a way that still awards them power and distinction through the authenticity of their actions.This feeling of confinement seems to be also felt in schools. exuberant and Miah (2010) examined how school life can affect female self-surveillance by distorting it and separating the person as a result. The ability to self- govern is also directly weaken by these public perceptions. Thus, this section of the essay will also foreshorten on the distinction amids t the mind and the body a hypothesis first introduced by Descartes.The essay will then move on to more contemporary matters such as the depiction of women in media and advertizing, and specific problems caused by these perceptions such as the yummy mummy label that has seen rear in recent years (Notably in 2007, with the creation of Liz Frasers The juicy Mummys Survival Guide). This wave has seen even new gos going to extreme lengths to make sure they look as attractive as possible after giving birth. Easy-to-read books like this that are clearly aimed at housewives propel the attitude that pro-ana communities share. It is an obsession over appearance and an empowerment as a result of buying in to the modern life. What makes this matter more widespread and significant is its habit of monomania over people For instance, when the press made Sarah Jessica Parker into public property, the general consensus was that she was allowed to be criticized, judged, labelled or complimente d by anyone in the world that knew her name. In this scenario, the press are the ones that benefit, the population bring into being uniform in their opinions and Sarah Jessica Parker is seen as sub-human not real, not authentic a picture in a magazine. The benefits of pro-ana communities therefore is that women can see each other for real, talk to one some other and second-handedly urge each other to carry on the habit.Pro-anorexia communities have since appeared all over the internet on mediums such as Facebook, Myspace, etc. This platform has enabled a new breed of networking that has never been seen before. Members of a community now have the ability to share and discuss their thoughts, struggles and even brag about(predicate) their condition to other women in a similar situation. Pro-ana communities have become interactive as such, and owing to negative media attention, members have become more and more disassociated from the rest of society as they believe that they are the empowered ones struggling with being misunderstood. Their mal-adaptive behaviors therefore become real, authentic actions because rationality has been united to them in the sense that they are now fighting for something against someone.What makes these communities more disassociated and reasonably mad themselves is that the websites they use have developed hierarchies of eating disorders, with anorexia at the top. Whether or not these hierarchies imply an order of power relations remains to be discovered, and will be something that will be un-veiled in the essay. Something that is clear however, is the particular that the online communities do seem to be heavily connected to a form of gender capital in favor of hegemonic femininity.To demonstrate how important authenticity is to pro-ana communities, the essay will also focus upon the wannarexics. These are the frauds of the online communities the ones that present pictures of themselves that do not correspond to their real-life bodies. They are the subject of ridicule in a pro-ana community, and show an apparent lack of respect for those that are truly anorexic and have chosen to be as a lifestyle choice. in that location are policies and rules that these communities have (like any other community) to police their membership. For instance, photos must be posted of members bodies, and so must they post nutrient reports of what they have eaten on any given day. Group fasting is a growing fad too including surveys and weigh-ins. This proves that being able to relate to one another is essential in a pro-ana community, and that authenticity is the key to their survival.self-importance-policing is congruous a more wellhead-known and collected movement as well (as it has been under the radar for many years before). Self-hatred is described as being as great motivation tool, as well as recounting such bodily effects as hair loss, the loss of a period and motivational insults (calling one another fat). This int eraction, together with the previous point, makes up the primary points of why authenticity is truly important to pro-ana communities, and will culminate the main body of the essay.These communities are also non-recovery found meaning that the disorder is looked upon with sympathetic, understanding eyes and in a way that does not accept that anything is wrong. Cure is not an option, or even something that should be sought out. However, the pro-ana community does accept the glamorization of thinning, and this is what brings about the immenseness of authenticity for members. Women depicted in the media are not as real, not as flesh and blood as the people you personally know in a pro-ana community.Whilst identifying the attributes of these communities, the essay will also examine the compound of eating disorders in the late 20th Century, and define the extent of social construction of such disorders. soundbox dysmorphic disorder for instance, could be argued to be a social invent ion put into womens minds by the effect of media advertising whilst on the other hand, anorexia nervosa could be deemed a legitimate medical condition.To dissolve a previous point that considered whether or not pro-ana communities could be judged as communities at all we see huge differences in the definitions of modern and post-modern societies contemporaneity and Community Stable, structured and physical (Along class, gender, occupational or ethnic lines) Postmodernity and Community Fluid and contingent, increased movement, virtual, viral, not reliant on modern social structures (class, gender, occupation, ethnicity)The essay will conclude that pro-ana communities cannot be defined as communities in the modern sense of the word, and will deliberate on how this came to be through the introduction of the internet, worldwide media etc. Furthermore, after listing the previous reasons as to why authenticity is incredibly important in pro-anorexia communities, the essay will reach a lo gical conclusion that authenticity reinforces members power and knowledge of their gender and their gender separation thereby allowing them to march on their hegemonic culture.BibliographyAdler, K. and M. 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