Finish Line - Case Study :: Athlete’s Foot

HistoryIn 1976, two friends, Alan Cohen and David Klapper, partnered to thaw a prerogative c all(prenominal)ed jockstraps blame. athletic supporters Foot was a large athletic footwear business. By 1981, Cohen and Klappers vision had self-aggrandizing larger than what Athletes Foot was able to contain. Therefore, in 1981, Cohen and Klapper obdurate to open their own company as a spin off of Athletes Foot. They decided to call it finis job. At the time of blockade Lines start up, Cohen and Klapper still maintained 10 Athletes Foot stores. later the commencement get through Line stores were opened, Cohen and Klapper converted all previous Athletes Foot stores into acculturation Line stores in 1986 when their franchises expired. As of 2002, Finish statement was the southward largest athletic retailer with over 550 stores in 46 states.Finish Lines victory can be attributed to legion(predicate) things, such as, considerable knowledge of the athletic industry, structured growth, superior executive leadership, and great following of a well thought out mission. This mission states, Finish Line impart provide the best selection of sport inspired footwear, apparel and accessories to fit the fast culture of action addicted individuals. Finish Lines success has come via many milestones throughout their history. Finish Lines milestones are documented in the following timeline.Finish Line Timeline October 1976 - Finish Line opens its doors for the first time as a chain of the Athletes Foot. 1981 - Two additional partners, Dave Fagin and Larry Sablosky, are brought on board, and the first Finish Line stores are opened. 1986 - The Athletes Foot franchise expires, and all Athletes Foot stores are converted to Finish Line. October 1991 - Finish Line opens 100th store. Stores are located primarily in the Midwest 1992 - Finish Line becomes a publicly traded company traded on NASDAQ (FINL). July 1995 - Finish Line opens 200th store. November 1997 - Finish L ine opens 300th store. February 1999 - Finish Line hits a testify $500 cardinal in sales (for Fiscal 1998). July 1999 - Finish Line records its first online sales on www.finishline.com. September 1999 - Finish Line opens 400th store. 2002 - Finish Line becomes the second largest athletic retailer (based on sales revenues), and expands the company to over 480 stores across the nation. June 10, 2003 - Finish Line breaks ground on $20 million expansion to its capital of Indiana based corporate headquarters and distribution center.Finish Line - Case Study Athletes FootHistoryIn 1976, two friends, Alan Cohen and David Klapper, partnered to run a franchise called Athletes Foot. Athletes Foot was a large athletic footwear business. By 1981, Cohen and Klappers vision had grown larger than what Athletes Foot was able to contain. Therefore, in 1981, Cohen and Klapper decided to open their own company as a spin off of Athletes Foot. They decided to call it Finish Line. At the time of Finish Lines start up, Cohen and Klapper still maintained 10 Athletes Foot stores. After the first Finish Line stores were opened, Cohen and Klapper converted all previous Athletes Foot stores into Finish Line stores in 1986 when their franchises expired. As of 2002, Finish line was the second largest athletic retailer with over 550 stores in 46 states.Finish Lines success can be attributed to many things, such as, great knowledge of the athletic industry, structured growth, superior executive leadership, and great following of a well thought out mission. This mission states, Finish Line will provide the best selection of sport inspired footwear, apparel and accessories to fit the fast culture of action addicted individuals. Finish Lines success has come via many milestones throughout their history. Finish Lines milestones are documented in the following timeline.Finish Line Timeline October 1976 - Finish Line opens its doors for the first time as a chain of the Athletes Foot. 198 1 - Two additional partners, Dave Fagin and Larry Sablosky, are brought on board, and the first Finish Line stores are opened. 1986 - The Athletes Foot franchise expires, and all Athletes Foot stores are converted to Finish Line. October 1991 - Finish Line opens 100th store. Stores are located primarily in the Midwest 1992 - Finish Line becomes a publicly traded company traded on NASDAQ (FINL). July 1995 - Finish Line opens 200th store. November 1997 - Finish Line opens 300th store. February 1999 - Finish Line hits a record $500 million in sales (for Fiscal 1998). July 1999 - Finish Line records its first online sales on www.finishline.com. September 1999 - Finish Line opens 400th store. 2002 - Finish Line becomes the second largest athletic retailer (based on sales revenues), and expands the company to over 480 stores across the nation. June 10, 2003 - Finish Line breaks ground on $20 million expansion to its Indianapolis based corporate headquarters and distribution cent er.

Character of Mr. Ramsay in Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse Essay exa

The Character of Mr. Ramsay in To The Lighthouse When reading falsehoods, it is important to understand the aspects of each character to completely go through the message that the author is trying to send to the reader. In the novel, To The Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf illustrates the character, Mr. Ramsay as a husband and a father of eight. As a husband, he mentally abuses his wife, Mrs. Ramsay, and as a father, Mr. Ramsay discourages and psychologically abuses his children to an extent that makes his children hate him. Mr. Ramsay has another side of compassion, and love for his family. Woolf describes Mr. Ramsay as insensitive, malicious, and brutal toward his family, but he also desires happiness and requisites the best for his family. Although Mr. Ramsay a great deal scolds and mentally abuses Mrs. Ramsay, all he wants is love and affection from his wife. For example, when Mrs. Ramsay lies to James about the next days weather, There wasnt the slightest chance that we could go to the lighthouse tomorrow (31). This comment shows that, if Mr. Ramsay doesnt want to do something, they are not going to do it. During the same conversation Mr. Ramsay say something that he would later realize he shouldnt of said. Mr. Ramsay regrets getting reach at his wife for no reason and he is ashamed of the actions that he took. As a result of hurt that he caused his wife, Mr. Ramsay wants to make her happy again. Next, the novel displays Mr. Ramsays insensitivity towards Mrs. Ramsay when his comments make her bend her head as if to let the pelt of jagged hail, the drench the dirty water, bespatter her unrebuked (32). This illustrates Mr. Ramsay as heartless to others feelings, it seems like he enjoys torm... ... are abusive, but he also has the positive traits of sincerity and sensitivity toward his family. Woolf illustrated Mr. Ramsay as both mentally abusive, but also loving and caring toward his wife, Mrs. Ramsay. Mr. Ramsay is very harsh and critical toward his children because he wants the best for them and for them to become self-sufficient, but his children do not realize this and makes them hate being around their father. Woolf does not describe Mr. Ramsay as only bad or good, but she describes him as a real person with personality flaws. She does this because it makes it easier for the reader to understand the individual as a whole, instead of just a fictitious character. By using this writing technique, Woolf allows the readers to fully grasp the concept of the character. Works Cited Woolf, Virginia. To The Lighthouse. New York Harvest, 1955.

Vivisection: Progress as Paradigm :: Animals Science Papers

Vivisection Progress as ParadigmProgress is an optional goal, not an unconditional commitment, and its tempo has nothing sacred about it. A slower progress in the conquest of disease would not threaten society, but would be threatened by the wear of those moral values whose loss, possibly caused by the too ruthless pursuit of scientific progress, would make its most dazzling triumphs not worth having. Hans Jonas, bioethicist, 1969I. Introduction The overturn over animal experimentation for scientific advancement is serious and highly controversial. It brings our assumptions about the value of human life and scientific advancement into question. Analysis of this brawl does not purport any easy solutions there are many points of view. However, it is apparent that the tones are shifting to entertain alternative methods. In allowing the interests of our own species to reverse the greater interests of members of other species, can we be equated with racists? Sexists?1 To oppose the use of live animals in scientific experimentation do we not oppose all inhuman treatment to animals, and should we not all be vegans? Should we not charge congress on all fronts for every connection between us and non-human animals? All of these questions will be touched on in this paper, but I will focus more directly on the vivisection controversy, for which I will borrow the fleshly inflammation Fronts definition Any use of animals in science or research that exploits or harms them. I will give a brief history institutionalize experimentation and challenge the antagonistic viewpoints presented about the efficacy of the use of live animals in research, and offer some budding alternatives. II. History of Institutionalized Experimentation Experiments involving animals for scientific interests began centuries ago, but became institutionalized with Francois Magendie (1787-1855). Magendie was known as a hardworking and brutal physiologist. Barbara Orlans describes some of his experiments in In the Name of Science Issues in Responsible Animal ExperimentationMagendie isolated a section of the dog intestine so that it was attached to the rest of the body only by a single artery and vein. This of course was done without anesthesia. Magendie injected various powerful poisons including prussic acid into the intestinal segment and found that the animal was poisoned just as if the normal connections had been intact. He obtained a akin result by injecting a leg detached except for its crural artery and vein.

Voice Recognition Software: Comparison and Recommendations :: essays research papers

Voice Recognition Software Comparison and RecommendationsUse of voice recognition software is under consideration by medical agency administrators nationally. Administrators have long searchedfor alternatives to the expense, error rate, and record-completiondelays associated with conventional transcription. It is no wonderthat, with the recent advances in voice recognition software, medicaltransciptionists are looking at this emerge technology as a powerfulway of accomplishing essential record-keeping tasks.This report investigates four of the leading voice recognitionapplications to determine whether this technology has become apractical option and to determine which application is the bestchoice. And so that this report and further study of the software canbe better understood, an introduction to the posit of voicerecognition software follows.Introduction to Voice Recognition TechnologySeveral different voice recognition products currently exist in themarketplace, and feasible choices are greater in number than they wereonly a few years ago. Rapid changes have been fueled by theever-increasing power and plummeting prices of desktop systems. thoughroom for improvement still exists, accuracy has advanced tremendouslyin a stunningly short time.Brief history. The first software-only dictation product for PCs,flying lizard Systems DragonDictate for Windows 1.0, using discrete speechrecognition technology, was released in 1994. Discrete speech is aslow, unnatural means of dictation, requiring a pause after each and each word 11. Two years later, IBM introduced the first day-and-nightspeech recognition software, its MedSpeak/Radiology. These systemsoften had five-figure price tags and required very expensive PCs.Continuous speech technology allows its users to speak naturally andconversationally, relieving much of the tedium of discrete speechdictation 11.Dragon Systems made an enormous stride in June, 1997, when it releasedNaturallySpeaking, the first general -purpose free burning speechsoftware program. Much more affordable than earlier programs, itbrought the realm of continuous speech recognition to a much widerrange of users. Two months later, IBM released its competingcontinuous speech software, ViaVoice 10.Stringent demands. Much is demanded of speech recognition programs.Accuracy is critical, and speed is essential to any effective program.Added to these challenges are the enormous variance that exists amongindividual gentle speech patterns, pitch, rate, and inflection. Thesevariations are an extraordinary test of the flexibility of anyprogram. Voice recognition follows these stepsSpoken words enter a microphone.Audio is tasteful by the computers sound card.The software discriminates between lower-frequency vowels andhigher-frequency consonants and compares the results with phonemes,the smallest building blocks of speech. The software then comparesresults to groups of phonemes, and then to actual words, determiningthe most like ly match.Contextual information is concurrently processed in order to moreaccurately predict words that are most likely to be used next, such as

Psychological Skills Training Essay -- Sports PST Training Athletics E

mental Skills TrainingWhat exactly is Psychological Skills Training and for a coach or instructor, what advantage is gained by its writ of execution? In other words, why bother?Psychological Skills Training (PST) is typically more comprehensive than a few short sessions with a few primary interventions that a coach or instructor might suggest. PST usually integrates cognitive and relaxation techniques in a more encompassing approach to mental dressing and as a complement to physical training. Individualism is a hallmark of close to PST programs. (Gill, 2000)The Importance of Mental SkillsWhy argon mental skills so primary(prenominal) to performance and why are they a great deal neglected by coaches and jocks? Yogi Berra has been quoted as saying, sport is 90% mental and 50% physical. You can question his mathematical savvy, nevertheless if youre an athlete, coach or fan, you cant question his wisdom. (Hacker, 2000) Many athletes understand that while developing oneself to th eir physical potential is a critical element in performance potential, it is often a deficit in our psychological game rather than errors in our physical performance that keep us from performing at optimum levels in practice, games or matches. Spud McKenzie, the Budweiser poster puppy, suggested that it is important to say when, but also emphasized the critical element of knowing when to say when. It is often the successful athlete has recognized what needed to be done and the unsuccessful athlete was unable to do so. As a consequence, it is non the physical talents or abilities that separate athletes and teams, or successful versus less successful performance, rather, the psychological dimension that most frequently explains a given sport outcome or individual performance. For this reason games are played. Prior to each contest, judgment could be made with regard to which team or individual is the more highly skilled. If games were decided on who is the most physically gifted and/ or talented individuals or teams, it would prove to be an action in futility to compete. As a result, whether you are an athlete or a coach, mastering the mental game of sport will allow you to achieve a level of success as a competitor than you could otherwise not achieve by focusing exclusively on the physical side of sport.PST - The Initial Learning PhaseThe four commonly used PST techniques are arou... ...file becomes increasingly significant in terms of achieving desired performance levels. The margins for success and failure as a world-class athlete can be miniscule. Skiers go encompassing on the third gate of a downhill race to find they have not only lost the gold medal, but any medal. Members of the PGA, later playing 72 holes, find themselves losing the tournament by one stroke, as a result of the missed three-foot putt on the second day of competition. working CitedGill, D. L., (2000), Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, Champaign, IL, 2nd Ed., p197, Human Kinetics.Hacker, C., (February 2000), Introduction to Psychological Skills, Eteamz, http//www.eteamz.com/baseball/instruction/psych/index.cfm?m=1,2,3,4,5Rushall, B. S., (1995). Mental Skills Training for Sports, Sports Science Associates, Spring Valley, CA., 8.1- 8.3,White, S. A., Psychological Skills Differences between Volleyball Players on the Youth National Team and Those Involved in the 14s High-Performance Camp, Unpublished Thesis, Illinois State University, Normal, IL.Weinberg, R.S. & Gould, D. 1995 Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Ch.15

Psychological Skills Training Essay -- Sports PST Training Athletics E

Psychological Skills TrainingWhat exactly is Psychological Skills Training and for a coach or instructor, what advantage is gained by its implementation? In other words, why bother?Psychological Skills Training (PST) is typically to a greater extent comprehensive than a few short sessions with a few simple interventions that a coach or instructor might suggest. PST usually integrates cognitive and relaxation techniques in a more encompassing approach to cordial training and as a complement to physical training. Individualism is a hallmark of most PST programs. (Gill, 2000)The Importance of psychic SkillsWhy are mental skills so important to performance and why are they often neglected by coaches and athletes? Yogi Berra has been quoted as saying, pastime is 90% mental and 50% physical. You can question his mathematical savvy, but if youre an athlete, coach or fan, you cant question his wisdom. (Hacker, 2000) Many athletes understand that while developing oneself to their physical potential is a critical chemical element in performance potential, it is often a deficit in our psychological game rather than errors in our physical performance that assert us from performing at optimum levels in practice, games or matches. Spud McKenzie, the Budweiser poster puppy, suggested that it is important to say when, but also emphasized the critical element of knowing when to say when. It is often the achievementful athlete has recognized what needed to be done and the unsuccessful athlete was unable to do so. As a consequence, it is not the physical talents or abilities that separate athletes and teams, or successful versus less successful performance, rather, the psychological dimension that most frequently explains a given sport outcome or individual performance. For this reason games are played. Prior to each contest, judgment could be made with regard to which team or individual is the more highly skilled. If games were decided on who is the most physically gifted a nd/or talented individuals or teams, it would prove to be an exercise in futility to compete. As a result, whether you are an athlete or a coach, mastering the mental game of sport will allow you to achieve a level of success as a competitor than you could otherwise not achieve by focusing exclusively on the physical side of sport.PST - The Initial Learning strainThe four comm however used PST techniques are arou... ...file becomes increasingly significant in terms of achieving desired performance levels. The margins for success and failure as a initiatory athlete can be miniscule. Skiers go wide on the third gate of a downhill race to find they have not only lost the gold medal, but any medal. Members of the PGA, after playing 72 holes, find themselves losing the tournament by one stroke, as a result of the helpless three-foot putt on the second day of competition. Works CitedGill, D. L., (2000), Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, Champaign, IL, 2nd Ed., p197, Human K inetics.Hacker, C., (February 2000), Introduction to Psychological Skills, Eteamz, http//www.eteamz.com/baseball/instruction/psych/index.cfm?m=1,2,3,4,5Rushall, B. S., (1995). Mental Skills Training for Sports, Sports Science Associates, Spring Valley, CA., 8.1- 8.3,White, S. A., Psychological Skills Differences between Volleyball Players on the Youth National Team and Those Involved in the 14s High-Performance Camp, Unpublished Thesis, Illinois State University, Normal, IL.Weinberg, R.S. & Gould, D. 1995 Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL Human Kinetics. Ch.15

A Place Where the Sea Remembers †Short Story Essay

In A Place Where the Sea Remembers, Sandra Benitez invites us into a mesmerizing world filled with love, anger, tragedy and hope. This rich and exquisite story is a bittersweet portrait of the people in Santiago, a Mexican village by the sea. Each character faces a conflict that affects the pull back to the woods of his or her life. The characters in this conflict argon Remedios, la curandera of the small town who listens to peoples stories and gives them advice, Marta, a 16 year old teenage girl, who was sacked and became pregnant. Chayo is Martas big sister and Calendario is Chayos husband. Justo Flores, his conflict is person vs. self. One of the most important conflicts in this story is person vs. person, then person vs. charming followed by person vs. self.Marta was raped at a young age, so she demands to receive an abortion. As she talks about it, Calendario, her brother in-law promises her that he and Chayo would take care of her baby when he is born, for he has been pr omoted to the salad maker in town. But everything changes when Chayo and Calendario are blessed with a child that they thought they would never save. Since Chayo is about to have a baby of her own, she refuses to take care of Martas baby. Martas dream is to go to El Paso. She goes to see Calendario and she finds out that her own sister did not want to take care of her child because she is having one of her own. So that is when the conflict person vs. person begins between Marta and Chayo. When Chayo finds out about her sisters betrayal they do not speak for years. There are hard feelings going on between them throughout the story.Marta has a second conflict, person vs. supernatural. Marta goes to see Remedios, la Curandera, to function her with her problem. Remedios knows what happened to Marta even before she speaks. She knows that she was raped on the beach against her will. When Marta tells her about her problem and asks if she could help her Remedios refuses. Marta, disappoint ed about her sisters selfishness, goes to el brujo to put a spell on her sisters son. Marta regrets doing that and goes to Remedios to undo the spell. Chayo still thinks the curse is there after four years. Marta takes care of her own child, and learns how to deal with the point he came from a rape but in the end there is a twist of fate. Remedios has seen Martas future. She knows that her child is going to die she sees this when the boy was in his mothers womb.The conflict of person vs. person begins with Don Justo Flores. Each day he goes to the beach where people beach pay him to see his birds put to death tricks. Don Justo is a lonely man but he has a story. He had two wives and five children, including Justina, his first, and Ernestina, his fifth. Suddenly he receives a telegraph he suspects it is bad news but he cannot read. He hopes the telegraph is from Justina saying all is forgiven. So as he walks on the beach as usual, he finds a girl named Rita and asks her to pick her fortune. Don Justo asks the guy next to her to read him the telegraph. The guy tells him it is bad news after he reads, Come home at once, papa Justina is gone from us.(A Place Where the Sea Remembers, Sandra Benitez, p. 108) So he gathers his things and goes to town for tequila and he blames himself for not creation a good father and not being there for Justina when she was a little girl. He remembers allowing his second wife to push Justina out of the house he cannot stand the pain.Whether we like it or not, conflict is a part of everyday lives. It can happen to anyone, from your friends to your family. Often it is not the fact that conflict occurs, but how it is dealt with, how people react to it. After being touched by conflict, people can evolve and build strong relationships. However, conversely many people can also suffer and be influenced. Therefore, in some ways conflict can be commendable, and some ways it can be brutal. Often conflict is violent, negative and destructi ve. However, this is not always so. There are time where conflict can bring unexpected qualities from people change a person for the better. Humans are stubborn. In A Place where the Sea Remembers, Marta and Chayo are experiencing person vs. person conflict. If the sisters understood each other and accepted that each others perspective is different, but not wrong, there would not have been any conflict.

Irony in Antigone: King Creon Essay

In the t warmthdy Anti departed, Sophocles pens a tale about a stalwart and distrustful king, Creon, and his misuse of the power he possesses. In the play he disregards the law of the gods to fit his whims, something that the heroine of the play, Antigone, wholeheartedly disagrees with she disobeys his order to leave her dead brother, Polynices, unburied and sentences herself to expiration in the process. Antigone is engaged to Creons son, Haemon, who does not agree with his fathers actions in regard to the burial of Antigones traitorous brother.The disagreement amid father and son leads to Haemons suicide ironically, Creon thinks it is his liveliness story that go forth be taken and not his sons. Creon and Haemon argue about Antigones impending draw their disagreement on the subject prompts a threat from Haemon No. Dont ever hope for that. Shell not die with me just standing there. And as for you your eyes will never discipline my face again. So let your rage charge on among your friends Who want to stand by you in this (870-875)Haemon declares that Antigone will not die without reaction from himself Creon will never see Haemon again be form if Antigone is killed Haemon plans to join her in death by his own hand. Haemon then says that Creons rage will force Haemons own hand to do something that Creon will regret. Creon does not understand that Haemon is threatening his own life instead, he believes that his own life is being threatened, and his reactions to Haemons address are lined with fear, ignorance, and irony.The irony of the situation is that Creon is so blinded by his own ego that he thinks his own life is in danger, when it is actually his sons that is. Creon only realizes the error of his assumptions and actions after Haemon commits suicide. More irony arises with the death of Haemon he has joined Antigone in death to eat what Creon denied them while living each other. At the close of the play Antigone, Haemon, and Eurydice, Creons wife, have all committed suicide because of Creons actions.Creon is suspicious through the perfect play in the beginning he accuses Antigone and Ismene of plotting to steal his throne, saying You thereyou snake lurking in my house, sucking out my lifes blood so secretly. Id no idea I was nurturing two pests, who aimed to rise against my throne. Come here. (607-610) These words are directed towards Ismene more so than Antigone because Creon already suspects her of wrongdoing. He is surprised to see Ismene lurking in the shadows as she eavesdrops on the judgment of Antigone upon seeing Ismene, Creon is convinced that she has conspired with Antigone to steal his life and throne.In short, he is aware of one pest, Antigone, precisely does not consider Ismene as a pest until she is discovered eavesdropping. After Ismene is discovered Creon calls her over to be judged alongside Antigone. This is the first sign of Creons uttermost(prenominal) scruple that the reader sees not only does he accuse A ntigone and Ismene of conspiring to steal his kingship, but he accuses them of trying to take his life as well. Creons suspicion of his impending death is ironic because at the end of the play both Antigone and Haemon take their own lives instead of Creons.Creon does not realize the damage he has caused until it is in addition late to fix the time for rectification of the situation has passed and he feels deep anguish at the loss of his son. He never imagines that Haemon spoke of killing himself when they had their stand in of words sooner in the play when next to Haemons corpse Creon says Aaiiimistakes made by a foolish mind, cruel mistakes that bring on death. You see us here, all in one family the killer and the killed. Oh the profanity of what I planned. Alas, my son, you died so younga death before your time. Aaiii . . . aaiii . . . oure dead . . . gonenot your own foolishness but mine. (1406-1414)Creon explains with grief that he now realizes his actions caused the death of Haemon his mistakes are cruel and Haemon is gone not of his own foolishness, but of Creons. win irony shows after Creon discovers that his wife, Eurydice, is also dead he asks for death by double-edged sword, when earlier he was extremely fearful about his own death and vehement about not dying. He says, Aaaii . . . My fear now makes me tremble. Why wont someone now strike out at me, lunge my heart with a double bladed sword?How miserable I am . . . aaiii . . . how full of misery and pain . . . (1453-1457). Creon begs for the death that he is unreasonably ghost with earlier in the play it takes the fulfillment of Haemons threats to make Creon seek death, and is most definitely ironic in comparison to his attitude towards death earlier in the play. Ironically, Creon now feels the misery of Antigone and Haemon, which he caused he pierces each of their hearts respectively when he denies Antigone proper burial of her brother, Polynices, and when he denies Haemon his bride, Antigone .Creons final words are Then take this foolish man away from here. I killed you, my son, without intending to, and you, as well, my wife. How useless I am, I dont know where to have a bun in the oven or find support. Everything I touch goes wrong, and on my head fate climbs up with its overwhelming load. (1485-1490) Once filled with immense confidence and arrogance, Creon now feels bewildered and useless ironically, he feels hopeless and distraught not because of anyone trying to steal his power or take his life, but because of his own distrustful actions and ignorant thoughts that cause his world to unravel before his very eyes.

Say No to Crazy Fan

Argumentative Writing Say No to Crazy Fan Do you capture a athletic supporter or roommate who is screwball about a step up icon? I have. She would never like to miss any open up ceremony of new album even if she has to skip all days classes. She spent most of her allowance buying all products about the wipe out icon even if she has no money for a decent meal. She cant concentrate on homework because some people are criticizing her apotheosis on the Internet and she must defend his image for him. This is a typical example of celebrity worship syndrome. It is likely that you may just like my friend suffer from this syndrome which does no good to personal growth.As the result of this syndrome, you may get tangiblely and psychologically hurt and your moral standards may become vague. So what you indigence to do is getting rid of this syndrome and saying no to crazy raw sienna. To begin with, being a crazy fan of pop music icons can relegate your health. As you are a crazy fan that means you have to follow your idol everywhere you have to spend every cent of your allowance proving you are a devoted supporter and you have to collect every piece of news of your idol. Your life quality becomes lower, no healthy meals, not adequate sleep and no leisure time.Whats worse, some crazy fans want to resemble their idols in appearance so they turn to plastic surgery. For example, a dot fan, Herbert Chavez, a 35-year-old Filipino man who had had cosmetic surgery to make him look like Superman. A psychiatrist told Bandila News that Mr. Chavez could be suffering from body dysmorphic disorder, signification that he is obsessed with making cosmetic changes to his body(Daily Mail,2011). It is obvious that the obsession to superman has totally destroyed the man, because plastic surgery absolutely makes irrecoverable and damaging changes to his body.This fiber may be a little extreme however, it reminds you that sometimes being a crazy fan, you have to sacrifice your he alth or face with physical damages. Another reason is if you are too obsessed over a pop icon, you will tend to be psychologically abnormal. It seems like the only matter you care about is your idol. Your family and career is far more insignificant than your favorite icon. You become irrational and cold-blooded, even losing your mind. You must still remember Yang Li-juan, who had idolized Andy Lau for 13 years. She quit school.The only thing she cared about in life was to meet her idol. The newspaper Guangzhou Daily said Yang lijuan is the victim of popular star worship. Li Zixun, a well-known Chinese psychologist, told Chongqing Times that she must be paranoiac to take these extreme actions. Not everyone would be the same as Yang, but it is probable you gear up yourself at the risk of some unhealthy psychologies when you choose to be a crazy fan. Lastly, the crazy love for an icon may lead you to vague moral standards. Not all pop icons can set a good example for the public.Some of them do something immoral or against the law. For instance, in 2007, Lindsay Lohan, American actress, was arrested in Los Angeles for surmise of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs after a crash on Sunset Boulevard(Guardian,2007). In 2011, she pleaded not guilty to stealing a $2,500 necklace from a Los Angeles jewelery store(New York Times, 2011). It is quite possible your idols misbehaviors may mislead you to do something immoral meanwhile you wont take it seriously because those pop icons can always get away with it.However, rules change when it applies to you you may get severe punishment and regret what you did for the rest of your life. So being a crazy fan and following your idol blindly, you may lose your precious morality and virtues. In a word, it is evident you have to sacrifice a great divvy up in order to become a crazy fan. It is worthless to take the risk of physical and psychological damage and losing morality. Being a crazy fan is harmful for persona l growth. So please say no to crazy fan 702 ReferencesEwen MacAskill(2007, May 28) Actor Lohan arrested after car accident Retrieved October 26, 2012, from http//www. guardian. co. uk/ realism/2007/may/28/film. usa? INTCMP=SRCH Damien Gayle (2011, October 8) Obsessed Superman fan has cosmetic surgery to look like his hero Retrieved October 26, 2012, from http//www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2046303/Superman-fan-cosmetic-surgery-Herbert-Chavez-ops-look-like-hero. html China. org. cn by Zhang Rui (2007, demo 30) Celebrity Worship Turns Tragic Retrieved October 26, 2012, from http//www. china. org. cn/english/entertainment/205460. htm

The Unification Of Germany And Italy History Essay

The coalescence of both Germany and Italy changed separately state everlastingly. The impact for both the unification of Germany and Italy created a forceful mentality for independency, economic growing, and a strong patriotism. However, to each its ain can be a statement here, as the fusions besides brought bloody war, separation, and commanding political relations. This essay will compare and contrast the fusion of Germany and the fusion of Italy.War is war. It is a natural force, it can unify some, and divide others, and the fusion of both Germany and Italy are to be understood with the same frame of cerebration for this essay. The similarities for Germany and Italy are many, tho here I will name the points that are most recognizable from an academic position.Chiefly it is of import to notate that both conjugation procedures required the work and order of a confident leader. Even though the fusion of Italy required a changed in leading, the procedure direct to the same end. Where Germany had, with child(p) of North Dakota, Italy had di Cavor. Bismarck was known as the Bloody Iron. His ideas of fusion were of pure endurance. He required barbarous force to derive integrity for Germany.Italy s leading thought with a more political mentality. Camilo di Cavor ( the kingsmen that in conclusion took Italy all the manner into fusion ) relied more on blessing from political groups and out of economic despair. In add-on, Italy had a larger battle due to the extent of the current disorganisation and separation of her boundary lines. on that point were at least 39 single bordering locations to unify with what subsequently became the capital of Italy, Rome.In add-on, both fusions had a end of unifying their broken state and supplying a centralised authorities regulation. However, being that the logical thinking is considered to let in economic agencies in both fusions the importance in the economic base for Italy was far more of import and necessary. Italy had faced bankruptcy and a great effect from all of the anterior promises from anterior leaders. This was Italy s chief thrust, endurance after quadruplicate attempts and complete old bankruptcy.The rudimentss of each state and their push for fusion were that multiple districts desired the integrity of so holding jibe and running one united state or authorities. The demands for the people were presented different in the narrative of the fusions, but the demands for a authorities do look of import, if non more of import, to the fusion procedure. Germany had a program and struck while the Fe was hot, where Italy had to take some major fall before they were able to unify as one.Unlike other wars, the fusions of both Germany and Italy gained support from all societal categories. The fusion s intent for both of the states led to a patriotism to let each state excessively so thrive. The societal populations of both states shared the same demands, but for different commanding factors. Austria govern Northern Italy, and the Catholic Church controlled cardinal Italy. Germany was nowhere nigh every bit discombobulated as Italy, yet had the same desire of centralisation control in authorities and policy.Equally far as existent procedure of fusion, merely put, Germany s fusion procedure did differ in ways from the fusion of Italy. Where Italy was under a pollex of foreign control, Germany was independent. Some of the foreign controls for Italy included Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Pope, the Duchies of Spoleto and the land of Two Siciles. Germany entered fusion with a major war with France and subsequently found universe power, but this was through denial of advice from multiple countries, including the Pope Their consistent disposition led to a speedy triumph.Another signifier of difference amid both states fusion is the existent procedure required to derive each of their fusions. Germany won their unification rapidly and swift, merely seven hebdomads, where Italy was a bloody troth for their lone authorities for multiple old ages and multiple leaders. Italy took old ages longer along with a batch of leader and male monarch restructuring excessively eventually derive the same success as Germany.Even though each state had similar aims, their thoughts of the demand to unite did differ somewhat. Germany wanted to organize a 3rd Germany in which Germany excluded from Austria and Prussia. Germany besides gained their fusion through direct and unfastened struggle. On the reverse, Italy s objected was to divide themselves from France in hope of a lone authorities. There were enormous up s and down s for Italy and her people, and unification fit the demand at the clip.Looking at the leaders for each of the fusions, Italy faced affliction through Napoleon after merely 100 yearss into war. He was subsequently exiled and succeeded by Louis IVIII, this led to the public violences of the people and the non-support due a direct failure that subsequentl y led to a belly-up Italy. Later, enters Italy s premier curate of the land Savoy, Camilo di Cavor. He launches war and uses diplomatic negotiations and war to drive power. He is offend known as the Brain. Cavour is the leader that eventually led Italy ( after a few failed efforts ) to fusion. The procedure was long and hard, but the reinforcement was deserving Italy s cicatrixs.Germany s leader is merely one adult male, Otto Von Bismarck. In 1862, Bismarck was appointed the King of Prussia. Bismarck used policy of Realpolitik to regulate. Bismarck held small or no idea to single moralss, over all ethical motives, or current legalities. Bismarck s end was to beef up military and the modify the nucleus of Germany and Germany s people. His ideas of fusion were unite German provinces under one ruleasimply stated, non Austrian, but Prussian regulation Quickly, the Germans defeated the Gallic and at the terminal of the war, all of the German provinces joined with Prussia to unify as one German State.The chauvinistic feeling was on the rise during the clip that Bismarck and Cavor controlled the states of Germany and Italy. Both leaders opted to work that experiencing through war. Through Treaties, confederations were formed for Germany, but it is through failure so success that confederations were formed for Italy. Both fusions served similar intents and yet different concluding. As I stated in the beginning of this essay, the impact for both the fusion of Germany and Italy created a forceful mentality for independency, economic growing, and a strong patriotism. The terminal wages for both Germany and Italy remain the same, remarkable patriotism through combined integrity.

Smartphone Sector Between Attack and Defense Strategies

Smart border sector between attack and defense strategies The macro-environment of smartphone sector is very complex and dynamic, especially in the technological aspect like the upstart tablet invention. The aggressive competition between companies pushed them to adopt many kinds of actions and strategies to protect their position in the market and to anticipate any unexpected changes in the future. In fact, like military, companies take the position of attacker or defender. One attack strategy which is called bypass technic is materialized by new ideas, concepts and a high hardware and software product basis.For example, with the sleek and beautiful design of Samsung and iPhone the longtime leader Nokia had been easily overtook. However, this basic strategy requires a huge investment in research and development and curiously in Android operating system including downloads, videos, photos, blogs, internet surfing, etc. Moreover, companies can also attack acceptly their competitor s with reducing prices and improving quality to satisfied customers and to deepen the brand image. This strategy was used by iPhone in 2007, by reducing the price from $599 to $399 a 33% rebate after only 3 months from the sign product launch.Nonetheless, this decision has been judged as a mistake for the reason that Apple most faithful costumers have rightfully felt being betrayed and exploited. They could have waited 6 more months before reducing the price of the iPhone, or they could have delayed the iPhone launch for 3 months, or they could have decided to price the iPhone at $399 since the initial launch. and since July 2008, the iPhone 3G is sold at $199, 50% less than the September 2007 price, 66% less than the launch price of just one year earlier. Like those mistakes prove that direct attack strategies require a perfect policy prices.Flank strategies are quite used in this sector . we can mention for instance the decision of iPhone to lock Samsung for the pretext that the company has imitated its design and concepts. Thats show that iPhone focus on Samsung weaknesses to influence the customer behavior. However, companies arent always in the position of attacker and much counterattack their competitors. For example, when apple introduced 5-megapixel camera, LED flash and Photo and video geotagging in its iPhone 4S, Samsung launched its Galaxy range to preserve its market share.In other side, the increasing rhythm of innovation pushed smartphone producers to avoid direct confrontation especially if there is a big gap between competitors. For instance, Nokia is now unable to recuperate its leadership in Mobil phone sector and try now to target specific customers, particularly lower middle classes. After those global analyses of the smartphone sector, we will identify below the leaders strategies and what segmentation is using. Samsung outshines Apple in smartphone shipments, market shareTop Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market divvy up Q 3 2011 (Units in Millions) Vendor 3Q11 Unit Shipments 3Q11 Market Share 3Q10 Unit Shipments 3Q10 Market Share Year-over-year Change Samsung 23. 6 20. 0% 7. 3 8. 8% 223. 3% Apple 17. 1 14. 5% 14. 1 17. 0% 21. 3% Nokia 16. 8 14. 2% 26. 5 32. 0% -36. 6% HTC 12. 7 10. 8% 5. 9 7. 1% 115. 3% Research In Motion 11. 8 10. 0% 12. 4 15. 0% -4. 8% Others 36. 1 30. 6% 16. 6 20. 0% 117. 5% Total 118. 1 100. 0% 82. 8 100. 0% 42. 6% http//news. cnet. com

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The dominant thumb experiment is used to observe the correlation between handedness and thumb mandate and whether one inherited trait will always influences another correlated trait. Examples of this experiment of this can be traced back as far as 1908. In this experiment 50 people were asked to clasp their hands and the thumb dominance. Once the hands were clasped, one thumb would tutorial overlap the other and the handedness of each subject was noted.The hypothesis of the experiment is that when people clasp their hands, the thumb of the dominant hand may overlap the thumb of the non-dominant hand. In 1999, a scientist by the severalize of Regis completed 18 studies of parents and their children to find that 55% of the population are left-hand-clappers (therefore right-handed), 44% are right-hand-clappers (left-handed), and the remaining 1% report that they have no reference or are indifferent (ambidextrous).It also states, familial data suggest that hand-clasping may be under ge netic control. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to contemplate the correlation between thumb dominance and handedness. Hypothesis If an psyche is right-handed the right thumb will be dominant when the hands are clasped. If the individual is left handed then the left thumb will be dominant the hands are clasped together. Procedures Equipment Used 50 Volunteers Pen

Building Defects

Introduction Decay and deterioration fanny happen in a mental synthesis for any number of reasons. The first universe piteous rep standard pressure and attention of the construction over its life by users or those creditworthy for its maintenance such as a landlord etc. It can also incriminate that at that authority were original problems with the construction that impair its ability to do as intended, these whitethorn not have been uncovered during the snagging process at the end of the construction stage.These building problems argon referred to as flees, depending on the geek of contact most contracts have a 12 month defect block, this enables the users (and funders) to travel in the building through the different seasons and see if any problems make pass. A latent defect is after the 12 month defect period has lapsed and the new building shows signs of problems that be so significant that they can stop its functionality (a latent defect period can last up to 12 el d on some contracts). Please find below some common reasons for defects * forge IssuesDesign professionals (such as architects or engineers) could perhaps specify material or equipment that cannot coiffure as intended. For example a geological survey that does not cover replete areas on a site could mean that the undersoil is not uniform across the site and therefore could eventually cause subsidence in the building. The architects motivation for the design may be with the building form, function or aesthetics but the completed design could result as a defect as any cost considerations or value engineering science if not well planned, managed and coordinated could result in a defects.The use of humble building materials can cause problems such as windows that leak or fail to perform and function adequately, even when properly installed. Leaking windows are a common defect and prevention requires good workmanship. * set supervision during construction period despicable superv ision during the construction period can result in low-down quality and sub standard workmanship. For example this can often unambiguous in piddle infiltration through some portion of the building structure (cracks in oundations, basis slabs, walls, dry rotting of wood or opposite building materials), electrical and mechanical problems, plumbing leaks and back-ups, lack of enamor sound insulation and fire-resistive construction amongst adjacent housing units, etc. The preceding(prenominal) can prevented with a good Quality Assurance process in place that ensures that all trades are well supervised on site, complete records are kept on workmanship (this can include pictorial evidence) and guidance is given to all staff on the quality expectations that have to be achieved on site.The traditional role of Clerk of Works should also be used to ensure that all measures are met on site level. * Maintenance No building lasts forever. Day to day planned maintenance of a building is required to ensure that it prevents any problems in the future. abject planned maintence can cause defects to occur in buildings that would have performed well had they been cared for properly. For example a master plan for the buildings mechanical and electrical (M&E) equipment to be replaced (such as Boiler replacements, lighting upgrades, ICT kinsperson cabling upgrades etc. also phased window or roof replacement schedule to ensure that all that entire building envelope is protected to protect from the elements. If maintenance of buildings are not kept up to date hence in some contracts latent defects would not be honoured as the users have not maintain the works that were carried out in line with the contract therefore the contractors would not be obligated to rectify any defective works. * Service installationSome equipment requires regular inspection and repair under the terms of its guarantee. For example If a boiler that has been installed with a 10 year warranty is not annually serviced then the manufacture can evoke that the user did not meet their obligations and therefore any replacement in the 10 year period would fall to the user to fund. Common Defects found in Low-Rise Housing Please see below mock defects sheets in relation to the defects strategyd in Common Defects in Low-Rise Housing.These outline the defect, the cause of the defect, the remedy required to rectify the defect and finally any supporting building regulations/guidelines that support this process. STAGEA whole shebang/JOB saddlery NO. 6 LOCATIONSouth Wall DATEtwenty-sixth may 2010 BRE REF NO. Defect Action sheet of paper 116 crack stingy wall ties below check-proof Level CAUSE deplorable design and condition FUNCTIONA wall tie is a small piece of coat generally do of steel that is installed between a cavity wall void or between two adjoining walls. The purpose of this is to keep twain walls together at all times.A wall tie countenances slight movement for expansion but if mightily fitted stops all(prenominal) wall acting respectively of one another so therefore keeps the building strong and stable. DEFECTIVE expanse * Corroded and show signs of de-laminating (this is when the metal starts to peel and splinter) * Corroded due to piss egress ( mouldering of the tie means loss of strength) * Corroded show signs of ferrous oxide (this is when the metal bubbles and expands) this can cause lifting and cracking the brickwork * Cavity walling that is blocked with decayed howitzer that bridged the DPC. Poorly fitted wall ties (this means that it does not function as originally intended) * mistaken wall ties used (there are 4 different types of wall ties for each one tie has its own best area for use) DEFECTIVE fudge factor need * Ties should be placed at 900mm centres horizontally and 450mm vertically * Sufficient lap of Damp proof course is required all round * Wall ties to be of a minimum coat 5/m2 * Ensure that ties are as sp ecify and are of the correct type * Use BS or BBA Certificated ties of length and type suitable for cavity width and purpose * Space ties in accordance with BS 5628 Pt 3 2001.For example the cavity width should be 50 to 300mm, number of ties 2. 5 per m2, 900 mm horizontally 450mm vertically and fork up extra ties adjacent to openings * Check that there is a row of ties at every sixth course of bricks * Ties should be staggered and evenly distributed * Check that the horizontal poses have the correct number of stipulate ties per m2 * Check that ties are at every block course within 225mm of opening RELEVANT British bar * BS5628 Pt 3. 2001 STAGEA WORKS/JOB public opinion poll NO. 1 LOCATIONRear externals DATE26th May 2010 BRE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet 96 DEFECT Mature trees too close CAUSE Poor design and specification FUNCTIONMovement where a building is in close proximity of a mature trees. This is a common problem found generally in the following species Oak, poplar tr ee, Ash, Plane, Willow and elm tree although any very large mature tree close to a building can spell disaster. These trees require a considerable amount of water to grow much of this is taken up by their calm system. For example a mature poplar can take up to 50,000 litres of water from the sub-soil each year.The more mature the tree the greater amount of water it requires. The outcome of the site survey and soil investigation should inform the decision on the type of substructure to be used for the proposed buildings in relation to soil type, saturation levels and lay of land e. g. sloping etc. It is recommended that buildings be built at least a distance equivalent to the trees height away from that tree to protect both the tree and the building although in some cases of Willow, Poplar and Elm the root radius can be twice that of the tree height. DEFECTIVE AREA * The trees potential root radius has not been calculated correctly * Poor choice of substructure for the new building DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED * Repair works require the retro installation of a root barrier (see attached diagram). This means detailed surveys are required to identify were the tree roots are. If the tree has a Tree preservation order (TPO) on it then any damage to its roots could mean an appearance in Majesties court and a fine up to ? 20,000 RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD * BS5837 * Approved Document A & C * Tree Preservation Orders A Guide to the Law and Good Practice 2000STAGEA WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 22 LOCATIONFlank wall DATE26th May 2010 BRE REF NO. Defect Action Sheet DEFECT Poor Mortars, Bricks, Blocks in sub-structure CAUSE Poor design and specification Poor site supervision FUNCTIONMortar is used a soldering agent to secure brick and block work. These three elements used together ensure that the building is sound, secure and water tight. DEFECTIVE AREA * Poor specification of an inferior brick and blocks that are engineered to support the onusings of the finished buildi ng is poor design planning.A poorly specified mortar could also be the reason that water could ingress the building this could lead to significant problems later for the building. * Poor site supervision of this area could mean that the mortar is poorly laid or not given enough time to set, or could even have been laid in the treat temperatures such as Frosty weather. DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED * The building may require additional support. For example underpinning externally could support the substructure sufficiently enough to take the load away from the problem areas. The best method in this case is to pile and beam. This method stabilises the existing substructure by using piles installed either side ofan existing wall. A small excavation is made below the ground level and a reinforced concrete needle beam is used to connect the piles and support the wall. * Reducing the distance between needle beams can accommodate very high loads. RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD * STAGED WORK S/JOB SHEET NO. 24 LOCATIONInternal/External mixed locations DATE26th May 2010 BRE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet DEFECT Notches and holes for function mis-positioned and oversized CAUSE Poor design Poor site supervision FUNCTIONThe location of holes and notches for services is very important in relation to the functionality and quality of finish to the end building. A misplaced large hole could lead incorrectly fitted lighting, heaters, light switches etc. DEFECTIVE AREA * Poor design drawings that are sent to site with the wrong measurements could mean that the location and shape of the holes for services are installed as per the drawing. It is more lightly that this defect would be down to poor site supervision. This could mean that the opposed person has been tasked to carry out this work such as a labourer that does not have the skill to read drawings but was asked to install holes for services rather than an electrician or electricians mate (i. e. creation supervised by the t rade lead at all times) DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED * If caught early enough this should not be a great problem to resolve on site.However, if this was left to practical completion were the building is being handed over to the user/occupier then the works to rectify could be much greater and could include the following * Re-routing electrics and mechanical pipe works to suit correct dimensions * Repositioning of all electrical and mechanical equipment * No direct connection to main sewer therefore re routing all connections to bathrooms, kitchens and any sinks etc RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD * STAGED WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 30 LOCATIONDoor No. GF32 DATE26th May 2010 BRE REF NO.Defect Action Sheet DEFECT Lintels in external walls missing, damaged, bedding, insulation CAUSE Poor design and specificationPoor site supervision FUNCTIONA Lintel is a piece of steel or concrete that is used as a support in walls. These are generally used preceding(prenominal) openings (such as windows or doo rs) in the wall to support the load to a higher place. Lintels are usually supplied with load bearing at each end for 100mm openings up to/including 1000mm, 150mm for openings up to/including 3000mm and 200mm for openings over 3000mm. For spans in excess of 1200mm, it is good practice to provide temporary support such as an Acro at every 1200mm point. DEFECTIVE AREA * Poor design could mean that the location window or door opening is in a difficult position to properly fit the correct size lintel * Poor specification could mean that a concrete lintel is specified when the location requires a small and compact steel lintel * Poor site supervision could mean that the area were the lintel is to be installed in not supported antecedent to installation and therefore the floor above is already sagging with the load. Also installation of the wring lintel in time will show on the exterior and interior of the building. DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED * Lintels should be carefully bedded on a full mortar go * Wall ties should be positioned in accordance with current building regulations * A damp proof course should be used for all lintels in external walls, and must be fixed in accordance with building regulations * In cavity construction, it is recommended that both internal and external leaves are taken up uniformly * It is good building practice to insert a flexible joint between the lintel and the top of the frame RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD * BS12 * BS882STAGEE WORKS/JOB SHEET NO. 20 LOCATION DATE26th May 2010 BRE REF NO. Defect Action Sheet 73 & 74 DEFECT Floor joist quality and installation not graded or marked, bowing and twisting, high moisture content and wet rot CAUSE Poor specification Poor site supervision FUNCTIONA floor joist is a beam of wood that stretches from one side of the sub-floor to the other bridging the floor load bearers. They are the essential component to the foundation of each floor level and floor boards are laid onto of them to give a foundation to any floor covering.Wood should be marked Top/Bottom, be graded (for the load) and have a kite mark or brand number referring to BS EN 14250. DEFECTIVE AREA * Poor specification of a floor joist can mean that the wood used is not the correct grading to support the load. This can mean that the floor in time will show effects of overload bowing and twisting are one of the signs. * Poor site supervision of this area could mean that the wood has not been stored correctly on site meaning that it is now warped and twisted and has high water content. If wet rot occurs it is generally at the bearings of timber joists in external walls.For example the sole or head plates rather than in the studs. DEFECTIVE CORRECTION REQUIRED * An assessment on if there is any dead air within the cavity between the joists and the floor board. If so, then air bricks (to BS493) can be installed into the external walls to allow air flow. If wet rot is localised in small area then minor repairs ca n be made * If poor ungraded wood has been installed then the floor will have to be taken up and reinstalled with the correct graded wood to ensure it complies with current building regulations. RELEVANT BRITISH STANDARD * BSEN 14250 * BS493 state H Defect Drains below foundations agreement for Defect * Broken or damaged pipes * Failure to washout subsoil leading to foundation settlement * Lack of clearance to debris or materials * Lack of flexible joints. * Non compliance with Approved Document H * Non compliance with the earth Health Act revised 1985 * Non compliance with Building regulations C scatter 2 * Incorrect type and size of pipe used for subsoil waste pipe * Drainage not laid to correct gradient specification Issue * Possible poor quality drainage pipes specified Design Issue NoSite direction Issue * Compliance with Approved Doc H * Compliance with Public Health Act 1985 * Compliance with Building regulations C part 2 * Correct size and type of pipe use for each t ype of drainage identified e. g. foul, rainwater, soil type. * Ensure movement joints are in place * Ensure drainage meets the required gradient * Ensure pipes are clear from obstructions * Check pipes are not broken or damaged prior to installation. Maintenance NoResponsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour hands Image Ref Image taken from NHBC Good Craftsmanship Guide for Drainage commonwealth H Defect Installation of DPC and DPM Reason for Defect * DPC pointed or rendered over * DPCs bridged by mortar droppings * DPM punctured * DPCs and DPMs not lapped * Fill and paving not kept at least 150mm below DPC * DPM should comply with BS CP 102, Section 3, and Building Regulations Approved Document C. Specification Issue No Design Issue NoSite Supervision Issue * Check that progress of DPM projects enough to lap later with the DPC * Sheet should be sealed with adhesive tape and any punctures patched with an overlap of no less than 150mm * Use polythene sheet not less than 500 gauge and should carry a BBA certificate or is to the PIFA standard Maintenance No Responsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce Image Ref Image taken from http//www. bricksandbrass. co. uk/images/walls/damp. gif Area H Defect Damp walls Reason for Defect * No DPC installation in walls * Poorly installation of DPC in walls Specification Issue No Design Issue No Site Supervision Issue * A responsible contractor should understand the importance of DPC within the external walls * If just poorly installed retrospective DPC injections can be used to back fill in areas that require additional waterproofing * If no damp proof course is in place then Electro Osmosis method can be used this is when a low voltage steel stake is placed intermediately around the external walls as long as the unit is on it will keep the damp at bay Maintenance NoResponsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce Image Ref Image taken from www. petercox. co. uk/prevent Area J Defect No lintel above the window and doors Reason for Defect * No installation of lintel above window and door openings Specification Issues * Possible incorrect lintel specified * Design Issue * For an architect to exclude lintels from the design, it means that they have not complied with building regulations.This is not only a design floor but a dangerous and hazardous way to leave the building Site Supervision Issue No Maintenance No Responsible area The above defect is due to poor design management by the design team up and should have been picked up by various professionals along the process including Building Control Image Ref Image taken from http//www. bancroftcentre. org/images/eco/insulation. bmpArea J Defect Plaster break up on internal walls and ceilings Reason for Defect * Bond failure between plasterwork and plasterboard due to watering down of attaching agent * Plaster itself poor quality or poorly mixed together (plasterer should have a mate to mix for them as plaster can go pip quickly) * quip due to movement * Drying out period hurried and room artificially heated to increase drying time Specification Issue * Poor quality bond or plaster Design Issue No Site Supervision Issue * Remove poor quality plaster, apply a thick oat of Unibond allow to dry and then re-applying a suitably mixed plaster (plasterer should have a mate to mix for them as plaster can go off quickly) * Ventilate and allow to naturally dry out Maintenance * Poor maintenance of internal finishing can make plaster work decay and break up * Poor ventilation or extreme weather (if no heating) then plaster can become brittle and break up Responsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce and/or poor maintenance by the occupier/users Image Ref Images taken from Google images plaster workArea J Defect Shrinkage to wooden floor j oists Reason for Defect * Temperature to install to extreme * Stored poorly on site allowing water to penetrate Part C of the Building Regulations Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture * Area needs better ventilation Specification Issue No Design Issue NoSite Supervision Issue * A responsible contractor should have the knowledge and experience to know at what temperatures they can have to install after the installation * Air bricks may need to be installed in the external walls tp improve under floor ventilation * completely materials should be stored off the ground and well covered in accordance with building regulations Maintenance No Responsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce Image Ref Image taken from Google images defective timber joistsArea K Defect External wall movement Reason for Defect * Incorrect substructure * Restraints missing from wall to floor Specification Issue No Design Issue * Substruc ture must be designed following an accurate soil survey, bore holes are taken from the proposed site and are inspected in laboratory condition. * The soil samples are tested and categorised in accordance with their load value * Then detailed calculations are erformed by structural engineers to establish the most suitable substructure for the proposed building * Below a tell news report is a measuring device that can check how much a crack is moving over a period of time Site Supervision Issue No Maintenance No Responsible area The above defect is due to poor design management by the design team and should have been picked up by various professionals along the process including Building Control Image Ref Image of a tell-tale taken from Google imagesArea K Defect External wall movement Reason for Defect * No cavity tray installed to discharge water outwards * No weep hole specified in brickwork at lowest tray * No flashing identified, Lead or a suitable substitute should be installe d in accordance with BS 1178 * All roof tiles to Part C of the Building Regulations Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture Specification Issue No Design Issue NoSite Installation & Supervision Issue * A responsible contractor should install cavity tray to ensure water is discharged correctly * Ensure appropriate weep hole is installed in the brickwork at the lowest tray level * Install appropriate flashings where required * Ensure tiles and drainage is compliant with Building Regulations Part C Maintenance No Responsible area The above defect is due to poor management on site on manual labour workforce Image

Western Art

In the Paris suburb, just about 80 km from the city, there stands the one of the most exquisite samples of the French cathedrals of Gothic style, the Chartres. Numerous works on this subject someway mention that Gothic architecture began with the quantum leap of Chartres Cathedral, France (Vickers, 1999). To be more specific about the interior architecture of this building, let us come inside. There argon several unique architectural features, cutting-edge for the 12th century, introduced in the edifice.First and the most outstanding of them, the flying buttresses, claim greatly contributed in the whole architectural solution represented by higher ceiling and thinner skirts, which later became veritable(prenominal) for Gothic structures. The buttresses allowed redistributing of the roof load outw?rds, and helped to avoid the old practice of thick, heavy walls. Generally, the Cathedral was built in Latin-crossed configuration, as we tummy see on the planAs we enter the cathedral, our attention is primarily drawn by multiple arches (another peculiarity of cathedrals architecture), the stained-glass windows composed of the hundreds of geometric?lly sh?ped glass pieces, and the sculptures illustrating Old will scenes. By moving on between the two towers, we are walking over the famous labyrinth, and can see numerous arcades on the both North and South Naves, with clerestory and stained glass above.As we look back to the entrance, we notice one of the three rose windows on the west front. Passing the aspire aisles leads us to the Crossing, the central part of the building, wider and more spacious. On the left transept our glance is immediately grabbed by the wall painting of Saints fronting the Virgin and Child painting on the opposite transept.At the same time we are enjoying the view of cross-type vaulting and upper north and south walls including more rose windows. After the Crossing, we are eventually reaching the Choir section and the Ambulatory. The ap se of the cathedral is represented with 5 Radiating Chapels. The Chartres Cathedral that we have nowadays, despite fire damages and further restoration, is one of the finest examples of the French Gothic architecture.

Consumers as Individuals Essay

The egotism-concept refers to the beliefs a soulfulness holds or so their attributes, and how they evaluate these qualities. Compvirtuosonts of the self-concept It is composed of legion(predicate) attributes, some of which be given greater emphasis when the overall self is being evaluated. Attributes of self-concept bunghole be described along such dimensions as their content (for example, facial attr livelyness vs. mental aptitude), positivity or negativity (i. e. elf-esteem), intensity, stability over clock time and accuracy (that is, the degree to which ones self-assessment corresponds to reality). self-assertion self-pride refers to the positivity of a someones self-concept. People with low self-esteem do not conceptualize that they will perform really well, and they will try to avoid embarrassment, failure or rejection. People with amply self-esteem expect to be successful,, will take more than risks and are more willing to be the centre of attention. Self-esteem i s a great deal related to acceptance by some others.Marketing communications can put to work a consumers level of self-esteem. Exposure to ads can trigger a carry out of social comparison, where the someone tries to evaluate their self by comparing it to the people in these artificial images. Real and perfect selves Self-esteem is influenced by a mental process where the consumer compares their actual standing on some attribute to some sublime. The ideal self is a persons conception of how they would like to be, while the actual self refers to our more realistic appraisal of the qualities we have or lack.And we often engage in a process of smell management where we work hard to manage what others think of us by strategically choosing clothing and other cues that will put us in a good light. The ideal self is partly moulded by elements of the consumers culture, such as heroes or people depicted in advertising who serve as models of achievement or apprearance. Products whitet horn be purchased because they are believed to be instrumental in helping us achieve these goals. Some convergences are elect because they are r from to each one oneing the standard set by the ideal self. Multiple selvesWe have as many selves as we do different social roles. Depending on the dapple, we act differently, use different products and services, and we even vary in terms of how much we like ourselves. A person may require a different set of products to play a desired role. The self can be thought of as having different components, or role identities, and only some of these are active at any given time. Symbolic interactionism If each person potentially has many social selves, how does each develop and how do we decide which self to activate at any point in time?The sociological tradition of symbolic interactionism stresses that relationships with other people play a large part in forming the self. This perspective keeps that people exist in a symbolic environment, and the meaning attached to any situation or object is determined by the interpretation of these symbols. Like other social objects, the meanings of consumers themselves are specify b social consensus. The consumer interprets their own identity element, and this assessment is continually evolving as they encounter new situations and people. The looking-glass selfWhen you take up an article of clothing, the mirror superimposes it on your reflection so that you can see how it would look on you. This process of imagining the reactions of others towards us is known as taking the role of the other, or the looking-glass self. According to this view, our desire to check ourselves operates as a sort of psychological sonar, we take readings of our own identify by bouncing signals run into others and trying to project what impression they have of us. Self-conciousness There are times when people come along to be painfully aware of themselves.If you have ever walked into a class in the middl e of a grouch and noticed that all eyes were on you, you can understand this sense of smelling of self-conciousness. Some people seem in general to be more sensitive to the image they communicate to others. A heightened matter to more or less he nature of ones public image also results in more concern about the social appropriateness of products and consumption activities. Several measures have been devised to measure this tendency. Consumers who score high on a scale of public self-conciousness, for example, are also more interested in clothing and are heavier users of cosmetic.A similar measure is self-monitoring. High self-monitors are more attuned to how they present themselves in their social environments, and their product choices are influenced by their estimates of how these items will be perceived by others. High self-monitors are more credibly than low self-monitors to evaluate products consumed in public in terms of the impressions they make on others.Products that s hape the self you are what you consume Recall that the reflected self helps to shape self-concept, which implies hat people see themselves as they intend others see them. People use an individuals consumption behaviours to help them make judgements about that persons social identity. A consumer exhibits attachment to an object to the extent that it is used by that person to maintain their self-concept. Objects can act as a sort of security blanket by reinforcing our identities, especially in unfamiliar situations. Symbolic self-completion theory predicts that people who have an incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it.Self/product congruence Because many consumption activities are related to self-definition, it is not surprise to learn that consumers demonstrate consistency amongst their values and the things they buy. Self-image congruence models predict that products will be chosen when their attributes matc h some aspect of the self. These models assume a process of cognitive matching between these attributes and the consumers self-image. Research tends to support the idea of congruence between product usage and self-image.Congruity has also been constitute between consumers and their most preferred brands of beer, soap, toothpaste and cigarettes relative to their least preferred brands, as well as between consumers self-images and their favourite shops. Some specific attributes that have been found to be useful in describing some of the matches between consumers and products include rugged/delicate, excitable/calm,. The extended self. Many of the props and settings consumers use to define their social roles in a sense become a part of their selves. Those external objects that we consider a part of us comprise the extended self.Many material objects, ranging from in-person possessions and pets to national monuments or landmarks, help to form a consumers identity. Four levels of the e xtended self were described. These range from very personal objects to places and things that allow people to feel like they are rooted in their larger social environments. Individual level. Consumers include many of their personal possessions in self-definition. These products can include jewellery, cars, clothing and so on. The saying You are what you wear reflects the belief that ones things are a part of what one is. Family level.This part of the extended self includes a consumers residence and its furnishings. The house can be thought of as a symbolic body for the family and often is a central aspect of identity. Community level. It is common for consumers to describe themselves in terms of the neighbourhood or town from which they come. Group level. Our attachments to certain social groups can be considered a part of self. A consumer may feel that landmarks, monuments or sports teams are a part of the extended self. Sexual identity is a very important component of a consum ers self-concept.People often conform to their cultures expectations about how those of their gender should act, dress, speak and so on. To the extent that our culture is everything that we learn, then virtually all aspects of the consumption process must be affected by culture. Gender differences in socialization A societys assumptions about the proper roles of men and women are communicated in terms of the ideal behaviours that are stressed for each sex (in advertising, among other places). Gender goals and expectations In many societies, males are controlled by agentic goals, which stress self-assertion and mastery.Females, on the other hand, are taught to value communal goals such as affiliation and the fostering of harmonious relations. each society creates a set of expectations regarding the behaviours appropriate for men and women, and finds ways to communicate these priorities. Gender vs. sexual identity Sex role identity is a state of mind as well as body. A persons biolog ical gender does not totally determine whether they will exhibit sex-typed traits, or characteristics that are stereotypically associated with one sex or the other. A consumers subjective feelings about their sexuality are crucial as well.

Hamlet Eulogy Essay

adulation on behalf of small town advanced lords and ladies of Elsinore, I appreciate your attendance here today on this particularly significant occasion. We gather here, to offer our gratitude and sorrows respectively for the life and death of the greatest man I maintain ever known, Prince hamlet. I understand that no assortment of words could possibly convey the degree of Hamlets stature, so I that hope that God will assist me in articulating an outline, a sample, of the masterpiece that was Prince Hamlet. Although muckle has already accomplished its deed here on earth, I know Hamlets soul will proceed to the heavens, where perhaps he may live in a kingdom worthy of his gracious presence.Hamlet was the only remaining rose amongst a garden tail end overrun by weeds, confronted with treasury, betrayal and distrust from every direction. He rose above the superficial faces of the debase Royal court, and exposed Claudius for who he really was. Loved by nobles, commoners and pl ayers alike, Hamlet was the most remarkable Prince we submit ever known. Beloved son of the late King Hamlet and Queen Gertrude, royal courtier and loyal wiz to many, he will not be forgotten. Forever in our hearts, Hamlet will remain in the highest regard as an individual of indisputable endurance and nobility, steadfast loyalty and particular contemplation. Courage is topper verified in a mans darkest days, in moments of unrelenting pressure or despair.Good Hamlet was left stranded in centre of a court full of corruption, facing agile grief regarding his fathers death and his mothers almost immediate remarriage. It was through his pixilated courageousness and nobility that he was able to proceed with not only his task of avenging his father in ending the corrupted reign of King Claudius, but also in restoring natural order to our country. His courage proved unflinching when put to the ultimate test when he was presented with death and uncertainty in his closing days. It was indeed Hamlets absolute nobility and true valour that lead him to accept his fate for the good of the nation. -It was predominately through Hamlets heroic loyalty that his validity as a important friend and son was established and retained. Entrusted with an arduous task from the ghost of his father, he immediately felt make incarrying out the murder of Claudius by the virtue of previous loyalties. I am so agreeable for the unconditional loyalty Hamlet induced upon me ever since our days studying at Wittenberg.* I only hope that the heavens will graciously appreciate a man of Hamlets worth.

Cultural Effects of Hurricane Katrina Essay

Any bingle familiar with New Orleans will not fail to passionately describe to you superstar of its great rich culture Jazz That New Orleans is the cradle of Jazz in the instauration is an undispu delay fact. Yes, Jazz was born in this part of the world in the late 1800s in advance spreading to different parts of America and the rest of the world at that placeafter. In the annual cultural festivals in New Orleans over the years, Jazz was always more or less the heart consume of the whole cultural process. The festivals could not start or finish without Jazz.But boom This was rudely disrupt in August 29, 2005 when Hurricane Katrina hit home. Within no time over a thousand lives were disordered and more than 700,000 people were dis key outd, with more than 300,000 homes damaged. America had never witnessed such a catastrophe that led to unmatchable of the most severe humanitarian crisis it had ever seen (www. weather. com). New Orleans would never be the equal again. This i njurytic tragedy had a great psychological impact on the victims. some people and families were separated from their love ones.These included young children who were separated from their parents and pets. No ones life was going to be the same again. Within no time families that used to gather in the evening at the dinner table could hardly locate the whereabouts of their loved ones. As such, these lead them to suffer great uncertainty and anxiety. Many residents were kinda familiar with the comfort and warmth of their beds after sumptuous evening meal, yet now were hurdled together quiescency on the floor of the crowded Super Dome. No one had experienced this ever before.Families that previously could give in all they wanted were now reduced to paupers living on rations and shelter provided by the government and well-wishers. Schools, factories, hospitals and other important facilities were shut down and no life was the same again. People who were previously running prospered b usinesses, had no businesses to go to anymore, employees familiar with their paychecks every week were rendered jobless and unemployment levels rose from 6%-12%. No one was left out including animals, with over 8,000 animals being legal transferd and more others reported dead.In most of the rescue missions via helicopters and rescue boats, captains often refused to load pets so that they could create room for more people. However, many families were not co-operative, they refused to move without their pets because of the strong attachment to them. When disasters strike the most vulnerable groups are children, women, poor families and senior citizens. In Katrinas case, nothing was far from this truth most of the victims fitted this description precisely and most came from the poor African American community.Lack of water, food, shelter and sanitation facilities led to the outbreak of health problems. Cases of dehydration, food poisoning and diarrhea were on a sharp increase. Also b ecause of the contamination of food and drinking water supplies, respiratory illnesses were on the upwards trend. This complex situation was coupled by the fact that major chemical plants and refineries released pollutants into the water-ways further aggravating the already delicate situation. Thus asthmatic people and those with allergy condition were tremendously affected (Ryan Parry 1). in that respect was also a sharp increase in mental illnesses and depression brought about by trauma and shock. Perhaps the most psychologically affected were young children between the ages of 3 years to 18 years. They had never witnessed such disaster in there lives before, they started refusing to go to school, there academics took a nose dive and suffered stock problems and mostly feared separation. The situation was further compounded by the fact that relief and rescue efforts were not readily dispensed as they should have.The Government was criticized for being slow to respond and for be ing discriminative against the African Americans. By the time help was coming the victims were already disillusioned, impatient and ravaged, they resorted to looting and stealing, something that had never been witnessed before (Julian Borger and Duncan Campbell, 2). The human migration that took place after Katrina has never been witnessed before in America save for the Great Migration in the 1830s when there was mass immigration from Africa thanks to slave trade.Thousands of families relocated from New Orleans to escape the wrath of fret Nature. For many they could not bare this nightmare anymore and remaining behind would constantly remind them of the trauma. Many people found it also very difficult to reconstruct their lives especially after loosing important documents manage insurance information, birth certificates, marriage licenses and other important documents. Behind every dark cloud theres always a silver lining. Whenever disaster strikes, it brings in a very high sens e experience of unity among the victims.It was admirable to see people from various backgrounds sleep side by side in the Super Dome. No one was more equal than the other. Hence, there were people of mixed races, diverse monetary and social backgrounds, sharing common amenities. Jazz had united the residents of New Orleans for many years, Katrina despite of its untold damage and loss of lives had united them again, albeit in a strange and different way Works cited Julian Borger and Duncan Campbell. The Guardian. Why did help take so long to arrive?Saturday September 3, 2005. usable at http//www. guardian. co. uk/katrina/ romance/0,16441,1561909,00. html. Accessed on 31. 07. 07 The weather Channel Available at http//www. weather. com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans. html. Accessed on 31. 07. 07 Ryan Parry. Mississippi burning. New Orleans 03/09/2005. Available at http//www. mirror. co. uk/news/tm_objectid=15926357&method=full&siteid=94762&headline=m ississippi-burningname_page. html. Accessed on 31. 07. 07

Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters

sn be nonsubjective To de terminaline the trend of egotism-importance music among youngsters. Methods A conform to was looked in 4 beas of Karachi, Pakistan during whitethorn 2012. postulateive information collected was entered victimization SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyse through using chi-squargon test to check the associations among variables. Results The leave shows that the number of youngsters starticipated in this meditate were 100, having board celestial orbit of 14-27 geezerhood, the public resolution is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the mass of the samples was nethergrad youngsters.By the research we add up the payoff that muckle think that they could understand their own affection themselves and that leads them to egotism music. Qualification and understanding own illness is non independent. Lack of judgment of conviction is set to be a fact that males do ego aesculapian checkup exam checkup specialty much often then females the trend towards ego medicinal dose is change magnitude day by day. surfacecome egotism euphony commit change magnitude in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under advance of 18-22. The crusade is lack of meter or non consulting to the recreate.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid much(prenominal)(prenominal) send weighity k today that ego medical specialty is incorrect and close to time ca phthisis case nucleus. Key lyric self workout of medicinal drug, youngsters, trend, ethical drug(prenominal). 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the correction self-importance- music is defined as obtaining and using medical specialty without the soupcon of a doctor all for diagnosis. medicines for self- music are norm each(prenominal)y name as nonprescription or each ein truthwhere the reproduction (OTC) and are obtainable w ithout advice of doctors through chemists. ego medical specialty is nowa years gradually being con inclinered as a self- dish out comp 1nt.Support of self-care is seen as give patients all(prenominal) view to dispense account superpower and create self-confidence in their ability to g period with their own wellness. Un identical other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the exercising of medicines and medicines spend a penny the probable to do better as advantageously as cause harm. This is brinyly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to handiness of non prescription medicines over the foresee like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is cerebrate with heartbreaking undesirable effect.Numerous cases studies progress to stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of re bugs and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug receptions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly make, self-medication might be write the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and too put forward savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has alike pointed out that dependable self-medication privy athletic supporter patient and treat illness that do non need medical computer address and gives a cheaper plectrum for treating normal disorders.With self-medication, the soulfulness tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties relate in self-medication should be observant of the advantages and disadvantages of either self-medication product. Through umpteen studies deem been conducted in different populations to appraise the manage of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our fellowship we carry on this agenda and tar dismayed the youngs ters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This cultivation is conduct on trend of ego-medication in youngsters of Karachi. self-importance medication trend is constantly change magnitude in youngsters. This choose might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study likewise explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students imprecate on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without all medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and in particular tar exit the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately e rattling chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doct or a phenomenon seen in many is evolution countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by bulk on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in special K practice in youngsters for third estate issues related to their health.Self medication alike encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self sensed health problems or the continuing use of medications officially decreed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very honey oil in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any greens disorder we hit fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We subscribe to any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these graphemes of things but the main thing we block in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia collect to self-medication you send packing face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very ordinary now a days and one of the major former to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one lawsuit of medicine again and again you may habituated to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. beat problems When you involve in self medication you pull up stakes get some trim problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your sputter. Depression peck who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This fount of habit may cause serious problem and no one heap deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication poop also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 object glass of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 bother record Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very honey oil and upgrade day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than than nonreader people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the relative absolute frequence of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3 self medication among youngsters and fashioning are independent. Ha 1. 4. self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE check out 2. 1 Trends of Self- medical specialty gibe to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter bargains of nearly all medicine are on hand(predicate) without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major performer belike contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we normally meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The preponderance of self medication is extensively spirited in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently employ medication was poten t topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices jibe to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common background of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior hunch forwardledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and fiscal considerations. Analgesics and disinfectant are commonly utilise for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,herbal medicines were also normally use for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice concord to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior sleep togethers and the absolute majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, cleverness to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information we re other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have describe that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and preponderance of self medication practice gibe to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 divisions old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates exclusively majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observe among the university student was diverse. The happening of self-medication inform was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence report was authentic, if the question was concerned to the recent practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had employ any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is sooner difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and invention confidence in their capability to guard their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the melioration of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health form _or_ system of government model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes nigh Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines twist is expected to center misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived run a risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor pop the question this concomitant observed in every create nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain fever flu, caught and chilliness and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighte d in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drugs side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of picture to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles connect with self-medications were less in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less cognisance of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug guard and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. sim plified accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and secure more or less in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, filth of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than nescient peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a days Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care deportment. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the residents level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication i n general still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The care in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the prospective prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 paygrade of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The introduction wellness Organization has also determine that straitlaced self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be conscious(predicate) of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to tax the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every hazard to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do unspoilt as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-direction for healing, deterrent , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status ( SES), sufferers of inveterate ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria establish that self-medication is comparatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to hold on this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing mod es in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Childrens According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety world-wide and has veritable a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries face up many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used out of doors of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been rear to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. raising for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers i. e this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in wolfram Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awa reness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and collar use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is heavy to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of mischievous drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basal responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for canvas the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A sur vey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 set The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION chi self-coloured SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 29. 354 0. 007 Reject SELF medical specialty 6. 425 0. 6 approve dictate 11. 48 0. 321 judge L ACK OF TIME 16. 431 0. 37 have a bun in the oven HIGH FEES 7. 423 0. 492 get down incline EFFECT 12. 461 0. 132 borrow hard 10. 582 0. 221 consume YOUNGSTERS 12. 285 0. 139 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 16. 846 0. 032 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. look upon of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table 2 gender v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 6. 053 0. 195 Accept SELF MEDICATION 3. 334 0. 504 Accept PRESCRIBE 9. 368 0. 095 Accept LACK OF TIME 14. 038 0. 007 Reject HIGH FEES 2. 38 0. 71 Accept SIDE EFFECT 5. 008 0. 286 Accept solemn 8. 898 0. 064 Accept YOUNGSTERS 2. 356 0. 671 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 1. 361 0. 851 Accept It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), rank (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), communion chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 12. 914 0. 115 Accept SELF MEDICATION 7. 128 0. 523 Accept PRESCRIBE 7. 612 0. 667 Accept LACK OF TIME 9. 468 0. 304 Accept HIGH FEES 12. 789 0. 119 Accept SIDE EFFECT 2. 677 0. 953 Accept DANGEROUS 11. 182 0. 192 Accept YOUNGSTERS 19. 388 0. 013 Reject COMMUNICATION CHAIN 15. 794 0. 045 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 preaching In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the immerse and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of gain of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 finis Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students a review of the literat ure, Archives of drugstore Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia ledger health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11.Carmel M, Hughes McElnay, James C Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O & Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Northern Nigeria, daybook of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west Uttar Pradesh, International Journal of Pharma Professionals Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18.Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care implication for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a preliminary study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), preponderance of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A.J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130. S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine Therapeutic and Toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of raw(a) Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of evaluation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564.Shankar PR, P Partha and N Shenoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the Misuse of Prescription DrugsEvidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a maturation societal Problem, J Primary Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland.Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http//apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdfTrend of Self Medication Among YoungstersABSTRACT Objective To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results The result shows tha t the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words Self medication, y oungsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as nonprescription or over the counter (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctors through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component.Support of self-care is seen as give patients every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects.Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases.With self-medication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of s tudies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth . In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines.Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. Many people self-medicate themselves to get r elax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3 self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practiceAccording to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of self medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have reported that the main reasons to s elf-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have engaged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence repor ted was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health pol icy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise this incident observed in every developing nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain fever flu, caught and cold and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to slee p, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drugs side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effec t of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a days Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the residents level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in studying this practice among this selec t group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Childrens According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers i. e this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previ ous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some informatio n can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sampling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between v ariables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 29. 354 0. 007 Reject SELF MEDICATION 6. 425 0. 6 Accept PRESCRIBE 11. 48 0. 321 Accept LACK OF TIME 16. 431 0. 37 Accept HIGH FEES 7. 423 0. 492 Accept SIDE EFFECT 12. 461 0. 132 Accept DANGEROUS 10. 582 0. 221 Accept YOUNGSTERS 12. 285 0. 139 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 16. 846 0. 032 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. alu e shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 6. 053 0. 195 Accept SELF MEDICATION 3. 334 0. 504 Accept PRESCRIBE 9. 368 0. 095 Accept LACK OF TIME 14. 038 0. 007 Reject HIGH FEES 2. 38 0. 71 Accept SIDE EFFECT 5. 008 0. 286 Accept DANGEROUS 8. 898 0. 064 Accept YOUNGSTERS 2. 356 0. 671 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 1. 361 0. 851 Accept It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 6 71), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 12. 914 0. 115 Accept SELF MEDICATION 7. 128 0. 523 Accept PRESCRIBE 7. 612 0. 667 Accept LACK OF TIME 9. 468 0. 304 Accept HIGH FEES 12. 789 0. 119 Accept SIDE EFFECT 2. 677 0. 953 Accept DANGEROUS 11. 182 0. 192 Accept YOUNGSTERS 19. 388 0. 013 Reject COMMUNICATION CHAIN 15. 794 0. 045 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self med ication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. 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